European Exploration and Colonization Unit 2 Notes

 What factors encouraged the European Age of Exploration?  Explain how religion, natural resources, and a market for goods contributed to European exploration and colonization.  Explain how Prince Henry the navigator impacted European exploration.  What factors encouraged the European Age of Exploration?  Explain how religion, natural resources, and a market for goods contributed to European exploration and colonization.  Explain how Prince Henry the navigator impacted European exploration.

 It is a gray and windy morning in You are standing on a dock in the European country of Portugal staring out at the dark and mysterious Atlantic Ocean. You, like most people at the time, have no idea what lies beyond the horizon. Now you may find out. You have been asked to go on a voyage of exploration…  You’ve heard all the terrifying stories of sea monsters and shipwrecks. You’ve heard the warnings that the currents along parts of western Africa are “so terrible that no ship having once passed… will ever be able to return.” You also have heard that riches await those who help explore and claim new lands. Now, as the captain calls for you to come aboard, you must decide. Would you go? … …The large hold of your ship could carry back gold, jewels, and other valuable items found in distant lands… …Raging waves could destroy your ship and leave you at the mercy of the sea…  It is a gray and windy morning in You are standing on a dock in the European country of Portugal staring out at the dark and mysterious Atlantic Ocean. You, like most people at the time, have no idea what lies beyond the horizon. Now you may find out. You have been asked to go on a voyage of exploration…  You’ve heard all the terrifying stories of sea monsters and shipwrecks. You’ve heard the warnings that the currents along parts of western Africa are “so terrible that no ship having once passed… will ever be able to return.” You also have heard that riches await those who help explore and claim new lands. Now, as the captain calls for you to come aboard, you must decide. Would you go? … …The large hold of your ship could carry back gold, jewels, and other valuable items found in distant lands… …Raging waves could destroy your ship and leave you at the mercy of the sea…

 According to legend, beyond this point in an area known as the "Green Sea of Darkness," the sun was so close to the Earth that a person’s skin would burn black, the sea boiled, ships caught on fire, and monsters hid waiting to smash the ships and eat the sailors. It took fourteen voyages over a period of 12 years until a ship finally reached the equator.

The Crusades The crusades were a series of holy wars called by popes  Military expeditions sent by the Catholic Church to capture the Holy Land from the Muslim Turks  Not successful, but had a few positive results:  -Europeans learned to draw better maps and build better ships  -Exposed Europeans to spices & goods from the East  Military expeditions sent by the Catholic Church to capture the Holy Land from the Muslim Turks  Not successful, but had a few positive results:  -Europeans learned to draw better maps and build better ships  -Exposed Europeans to spices & goods from the East

Motivations for Exploration  THREE G’S  GOD  GOLD  GLORY  THREE G’S  GOD  GOLD  GLORY

Why did the Europeans Go ExploringM? The 3 G’s…  GOLD  New trade routes opened up opportunities for wealth  GOD  Missionaries spread Christianity  GLORY  Explorers were considered heroes; countries competed for colonies The 3 G’s…  GOLD  New trade routes opened up opportunities for wealth  GOD  Missionaries spread Christianity  GLORY  Explorers were considered heroes; countries competed for colonies

Many sought to convert other populations to Christianity GOD (Spread of Christianity) The Crusades pushed Christians to feel it was their duty to spread their religion and convert people to Christianity (and not to be Muslim) Bartholomeu Dias – “ To serve God and His Majesty, to give light to those who were in darkness, and to grow rich as all men desire to do.”

GOLD! (WEALTH!)  New spices in Europe (introduced during the Crusades) = demand for the spices  Europeans wanted to cut out the middle man! (Italy and the powerful Ottoman Empire controlled trade between Europe and the east)  Europeans try to find new trade routes because they want new sources of wealth  New spices in Europe (introduced during the Crusades) = demand for the spices  Europeans wanted to cut out the middle man! (Italy and the powerful Ottoman Empire controlled trade between Europe and the east)  Europeans try to find new trade routes because they want new sources of wealth Italians sell it to Europe for MORE $$$ Europe buys it for a higher price Muslims sold Spices to Italians for lots of $

GLORY ! BEING “The FIRST!”  COMPETITION FOR NATURAL RESOURCES  First to: Find a spice? Find an area? Create a trading port? Control a COUNTRY!? BEING “The FIRST!”  COMPETITION FOR NATURAL RESOURCES  First to: Find a spice? Find an area? Create a trading port? Control a COUNTRY!?

But First TECHNOLOGY HELPS! They needed better transportation. Caravel: stronger, sturdier ship with triangular sails (adopted from Arabs) made travel easier  65 feet long = more space for food/people  Able to explore close to shore  Larger sails for easier movement and power (made it possible to sail against the wind). Caravel: stronger, sturdier ship with triangular sails (adopted from Arabs) made travel easier  65 feet long = more space for food/people  Able to explore close to shore  Larger sails for easier movement and power (made it possible to sail against the wind)

New Maritime Technologies Hartman Astrolabe (1532) – Developed by the Greeks and perfected by the Arabs; used to determine latitude (sail by stars) Better/More Accurate Maps [Portulan] Sextant Mariner’s Compass – Chinese invention; magnetically tracked direction

And They’re off… Trade Routes  1400s—major trade routes from the East to Europe went through 2 Italian cities (Venice & Genoa)  -Italian merchants marked up the prices on the goods & sold them throughout Europe  Other European countries resented the huge profits made by Italians & began to look for other routes to the East…  1400s—major trade routes from the East to Europe went through 2 Italian cities (Venice & Genoa)  -Italian merchants marked up the prices on the goods & sold them throughout Europe  Other European countries resented the huge profits made by Italians & began to look for other routes to the East…

And They’re off… Trade Routes  Europeans created new trade routes to bring products from Europe to India, China, & the Spice Islands  Contributed to the expansion of the empires of Portugal, Spain, England, and France…  STOP HERE!  Europeans created new trade routes to bring products from Europe to India, China, & the Spice Islands  Contributed to the expansion of the empires of Portugal, Spain, England, and France…  STOP HERE!

Portugal’s Empire  15 th century: led the world in sea exploration and explored the western coast of Africa  Portuguese wanted to find a trade route around Africa to Asia  Believed they could make a lot of money as traders if they could get Asian goods for a cheaper price  Also wanted to spread Christianity along Africa’s west coast  15 th century: led the world in sea exploration and explored the western coast of Africa  Portuguese wanted to find a trade route around Africa to Asia  Believed they could make a lot of money as traders if they could get Asian goods for a cheaper price  Also wanted to spread Christianity along Africa’s west coast

Portugal’s Empire  For the next 300 years, Portuguese sailors continued to explore East Africa where they established forts & trading posts  By 1571, a string of outposts connected Portugal to Africa, India, South Pacific Islands, & Japan  Portugal grew wealthy from these trade routes, but…  Its most profitable colony was Brazil  For the next 300 years, Portuguese sailors continued to explore East Africa where they established forts & trading posts  By 1571, a string of outposts connected Portugal to Africa, India, South Pacific Islands, & Japan  Portugal grew wealthy from these trade routes, but…  Its most profitable colony was Brazil

Prince Henry the Navigator EARLY LEADER OF THE AGE OF EXPLORATION  Portuguese Prince -Son of the Portuguese king  Sent more than 50 expeditions down the west coast of Africa  -Wanted to establish Portuguese colonies & break the Muslim hold on trade routes  Created a naval school that taught students navigation, astronomy, & cartography EARLY LEADER OF THE AGE OF EXPLORATION  Portuguese Prince -Son of the Portuguese king  Sent more than 50 expeditions down the west coast of Africa  -Wanted to establish Portuguese colonies & break the Muslim hold on trade routes  Created a naval school that taught students navigation, astronomy, & cartography

Institute of Sagres

Prince Henry the Navigator  Unable to make money trading gold, so he tried creating sugar cane plantations  --Sugar cane was a very profitable crop, but required lots of labor  Henry imported slaves from Africa to work the fields  --This was successful & was later copied in the New World  --Encouraged a slave trade that lasted another 400 years…  Unable to make money trading gold, so he tried creating sugar cane plantations  --Sugar cane was a very profitable crop, but required lots of labor  Henry imported slaves from Africa to work the fields  --This was successful & was later copied in the New World  --Encouraged a slave trade that lasted another 400 years…

Spain’s Empire  Spanish explorers were searching for a trade route through or around North & South America to Asia  Wanted to find a quicker route to the gold & spices in Asia  Spanish explorers were searching for a trade route through or around North & South America to Asia  Wanted to find a quicker route to the gold & spices in Asia

Christopher Columbus  1490s—CC, an Italian, was given ships & sailors by the Spanish monarchy  --They wanted him to try to find a quick route through the Atlantic Ocean to Asia  He discovered the Bahamas, but thought he was in Asia… “East Indies”  --Later, it was realized that he discovered 2 new continents!  Exploration of these areas brought great wealth to Spain  1490s—CC, an Italian, was given ships & sailors by the Spanish monarchy  --They wanted him to try to find a quick route through the Atlantic Ocean to Asia  He discovered the Bahamas, but thought he was in Asia… “East Indies”  --Later, it was realized that he discovered 2 new continents!  Exploration of these areas brought great wealth to Spain

Spain’s Empire  Huge empire that spanned the globe  Spanish conquistadors conquered the Inca and Aztec civilizations in the 1500s (South America)  --Looking for gold & spices  --Used missionaries to convert natives to Christianity  Claimed huge areas of North & South America & ruled over them for 300 years  Huge empire that spanned the globe  Spanish conquistadors conquered the Inca and Aztec civilizations in the 1500s (South America)  --Looking for gold & spices  --Used missionaries to convert natives to Christianity  Claimed huge areas of North & South America & ruled over them for 300 years

France’s Empire  French possessed colonies around the world from 1600 to 1900  Also dominated much of the European continent  --By 1812, France controlled much of Germany, Italy, & France  French possessed colonies around the world from 1600 to 1900  Also dominated much of the European continent  --By 1812, France controlled much of Germany, Italy, & France

France’s Empire  Established other colonies in the 16th-17 th centuries:  --Islands in the Caribbean, the Indian Ocean, the South Pacific, the North Pacific, & the North Atlantic  France also maintained influence in Canada, North America, South America, Southeast Asia, & Northwest Africa  The famous French explorers included Jacques Cartier, Jacques Marquette and Samuel de Champlain  Established other colonies in the 16th-17 th centuries:  --Islands in the Caribbean, the Indian Ocean, the South Pacific, the North Pacific, & the North Atlantic  France also maintained influence in Canada, North America, South America, Southeast Asia, & Northwest Africa  The famous French explorers included Jacques Cartier, Jacques Marquette and Samuel de Champlain

The French explorer Samuel de Champlain searched Canada for a northwest passage to Asia The French would soon carve out a large colony along the Mississippi River from Canada to New Orleans

England’s Empire  England used to be one of three countries (England, Scotland, & Wales)  1700s, the three united and became Great Britain  British empire was the largest in history  --At its peak, Great Britain controlled: Atlantic coast of North America (13 colonies), Canada, Australia, India, much of Africa, and numerous islands  England used to be one of three countries (England, Scotland, & Wales)  1700s, the three united and became Great Britain  British empire was the largest in history  --At its peak, Great Britain controlled: Atlantic coast of North America (13 colonies), Canada, Australia, India, much of Africa, and numerous islands

England’s Empire  North America came under British control in the 1700s  --Lost American colonies in 1776  --Maintained control over Canada until 20 th century  Great Britain colonized Australia in 1788  --Used it as a penal (prison) colony to relieve overcrowded jails in England  The English explorer James Cook was the first European to make contact with Australia  North America came under British control in the 1700s  --Lost American colonies in 1776  --Maintained control over Canada until 20 th century  Great Britain colonized Australia in 1788  --Used it as a penal (prison) colony to relieve overcrowded jails in England  The English explorer James Cook was the first European to make contact with Australia

Unlike other European nations whose kings paid for colonies, the English colonies were paid for by citizens who formed joint-stock companies English colonies formed along the Atlantic Coast of North America by colonists motivated either by religion or wealth

Effects of European Exploration & Colonization  New colonies were founded along the coasts of Africa and North and South Americas  They converted conquered peoples to Christianity  Europeans carried diseases with them that killed native people  Africans and conquered peoples became slaves to Europeans  Columbian Exchange  New colonies were founded along the coasts of Africa and North and South Americas  They converted conquered peoples to Christianity  Europeans carried diseases with them that killed native people  Africans and conquered peoples became slaves to Europeans  Columbian Exchange

Which 5 do you think had the most significant impact?

The Effects of the European Age of Exploration on the Americas 1)Which 2 countries had the largest empire in North America? 2)Which country had the largest empire in Central and South America? 3)Which country had it’s empire in Brazil?

The Effects of the European Age of Exploration on Africa Which European country had the largest most colonies in Africa?

Empires of Portugal, Spain, England, & France

 Click here for the Empires video clip.