European Fair Play Movement Baku Congress 2015 Protecting Clean Athletes Steve Town GB - University of Worcester; English Federation of Disability Sport; and British Wheelchair Basketball(views are my own) Thank you Baku Tesekkur ederim Baku gozel seher

Structure and Focus of Presentation Method - Definitions Brief History of Doping-Incidence World Structure of anti-doping Problems with a punitive approach Prevention better than cure Education Programmes – what works Resources available to promote clean sport Conclusion and recommendations References(throughout)

Methodology 1.Literature review 2.Contacts to WADA, WADA Europe, UKAD, Academic colleagues to get information on programmes and practice 3.Define learning outcomes based on congress theme To give students an overview of doping, history and responsibilities to increase understanding To present key aspects of research in this field Make recommendations for the sector and EFPM re fair play

What is “doping” The word doping is probably derived from the Dutch word dop, the name of an alcoholic beverage made of grape skins used by Zulu warriors in order to enhance their prowess in battle. The term became current around the turn of the 20th century, originally referring to the illegal drugging of racehorses. “The practice of enhancing performance through foreign substances or other artificial means”, however, is as old as competitive sport itself. Source –WADA –History of doping

Timeline for doping BCFirst Olympics - Athletes Use Performance Enhancing Drugs(PEDS) also bribes! 100 AD 60,000! Roman Gladiators/soldiers Use Stimulants and Hallucinogens to Prevent Fatigue and Injury Late 19th Century Cyclists and Lacrosse Players Drink Wine and Coca Leaves to Fight Fatigue and Hunger Performance Enhancing Drugs Used in the Modern Olympic Games 1928IAAF First WSF to Rule Against Doping in Sports Soldiers Use Amphetamines During WWII

Post WW2 1950s Athletes Begin Taking Amphetamines Used by Soldiers in WWII 1958 FDA Approves First Anabolic Steroid for Sale in US 1967 GB Tommy Simpson - Cyclist on Amphetamines Is First Tour de France Doping Death led to International Olympic Committee (IOC) Establishes Medical Commission to Fight Doping 1968 First Drug Testing at Olympic Games 1972 First Full-Scale Testing of Olympic Athletes for Narcotics and Stimulants 1987EPO emerges as a way of boosting blood thickness; deaths follow in young cyclists and orienteers. 1976Steroid Testing Conducted for the First Time at the Montreal Olympics 1983Surprise Drug Testing at Pan Am Games Leads Many Athletes(at least 24) to Withdraw from Competition also 19 tests failed

Sep. 27, 1988 Ben Johnson Stripped of Gold Medal after Positive Drug Test in 1988 games, banned for life after second offence in 1993 Dec. 2, 1991 Former GDR Swimming Coaches admit to 2 Decades of systematic drug (AS) use in a national programme - 20 coaches. President of then EG IOC on trial in 2000 for 142 counts of bodily harm (athletes were unaware) In 2007 a study by Dr. Giselher Spitzer from Humboldt University in Berlin identifies major serious long term health problems Chinese Swimmers Fail Drug Tests, 3 Times More Than Any Other Nation in this era. At FINA Worlds (1994) win 12 of 16 golds but 11 positive for steroids - team stripped of 22 medals = only 1 gold in Atlanta

Nov. 10, 1999 Independent World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) Is Established after world conference by IOC(Tour de France) 2004 WAD Code developed 2009 Aug. 23, WADA Athlete Biological Passport introduced (continuously improving) Lance Armstrong Stripped of His Seven Tour de France Titles After admitting Doping Charges, two other tour de France winners previously caught and stripped of titles UCI – later has to repay £m Aug. 2, 2015 Leaked Doping Tests may indicate widespread Doping in Track and Field, Olympics, and Marathons – current investigation

Investigative report by UCI, found that UCI colluded with Lance Armstrong from 1999 to 2009 to circumvent accusations he doped “There are numerous examples that prove Lance Armstrong benefited from a preferential status afforded by the UCI leadership … UCI did not actively seek to corroborate whether allegations of doping against him were well-founded [but] fell back to a defensive position as if every attack against Lance Armstrong was an attack against cycling and the UCI leadership … there was a tacit exchange of favours between the UCI leadership and Lance Armstrong, and they presented a common front.” report-cycling

Incidence of doping at the Olympic Summer Games GamesPlaceNo of testsCases 1968Mexico City Munich2, Montreal2, Moscow Los Angeles1, Seoul1, Barcelona1, Atlanta1, Sydney2, Athens3,66726* 2008Beijing4, ** 2012London5,0519 NB no of positive tests. Nb many not allowed to take part if caught before At the Games in Athens, the cases recorded covered not only adverse analytical findings reported by the laboratory, but also violations of the anti-doping rules, like missing a time/sample procedure not followed ** In Beijing, six horse-doping cases were recorded. An additional five cases were recorded after further analysis of samples post- Games. Source – IOC (2014) (January update) factsheet - The Fight Against Doping and Promotion of Athletes’ Health

GAMESPlace Number of tests Cases recorded 1968Grenoble Sapporo2111 * 1976Innsbruck3902 ** 1980Lake Placid Sarajevo4241 *** 1988Calgary4921**** 1992Albertville Lillehammer Nagano Salt Lake City Turin1, Vancouver2, Sochi2,453 * ice hockey, ephedrine ** cross country skiing, ephedrine, codeine *** cross country skiing, methandienone **** ice hockey, testosterone Incidence of doping at the Olympic Winter Games

Comparison of Years 2010 to 2014 ‐ Olympic and Non‐Olympic Figures for total tests grows to 258,000 figures_full-report_en.pdf

WADA test results for the year testing-figures_full-report_en.pdf These are not violations - AAF – Adverse analytical findings identifies in a sample in a sample a prohibited substance or its marker ATF – Atypical Findings – requires further investigation ADAMS – Anti Doping Administration and Management System (is an internet based database management tool in a secure environment)

Adverse findings trend 2010 to 2014 Olympic and non-Olympic sports Number of AAF and ATFs has fallen from 1.87 to 1.36% from 2010 to 2014 – but the fall in Olympic sports is greater – 1.78 to 0.99% Do you know your sports actual figures?

Complex and expensive systems and procedures

The world System for anti-doping and protecting clean athletes WADAIndependent world org Anti-doping development - apply the anti-doping code, monitor accredit labs etc. Commission and publish research. Scientific controls, Education programmes.

IOC/IPC/ISFsTesting and sanctions during the games. ISFs - Code acceptance. implementation, and enforcement. Testing at their competitions, out of competition testing, sanctioning and education GovernmentsFacilitate doping controls/support testing, labelling. Take measures against making and trafficking drugs, Pass legislation to effect the code, e.g. adopt the UNESCO intnl convention Universal treaty 2007 being adopted NOC/ NFSMust implement the Code. IF rules should include the requirement that National Federations (NFs) be Code-compliant, and that these rules are enforced. NADO/RADONational Anti-doping Organisations - testing national athletes in and out-of- competition, and athletes from other countries competing there; adjudicating of anti-doping rules violations; and anti-doping education. Regional ADOs seek to influence at regional level and to pool resources and develop education in under developed areas. Athletes/ entourage Part of testing pool for an ADO, must provide whereabouts info, entourage must apply the code CASSports independent “supreme” court WADA has a right of appeal to CAS for doping cases under the jurisdiction of organizations that have implemented the Code. LabsIndependent laboratories with accreditation from WADA, analyse samples according to the International Standards/technical Documents; production of valid test results and evidentiary data.

So what of the effectiveness of the system? 4 sources identify major weaknesses Houlihan and Hanstad (yet to be published)article on international collaborations Evidence that implementation is patchy Unesco gives financial support to ensure Governments adopt the code “Pound Report” – despite adoption – compliance is weak and inconsistent WADAs own report –the Jamaica crisis Gleaves (2014) academic research is weak

WADA report (2012) finds 24 ISF and other ISO’s weaknesses including these:- Anti-doping is not regarded as their core business (except perhaps for IFs facing a crisis) Reluctance to assume the costs of effective anti-doping Unwillingness to investigate and use sanctions where systematic doping violations occur in a sport/country Harsh treatment of whistle-blowers Very little adoption of the Athlete Biological Passport Inherent conflicts of interest within the organisation that work against vigorous anti-doping activities Unwillingness to retest stored samples (WADA 2012: 3-4) Houlihan, BMJ(2016) –The Future of Anti-doping Policy (chapter for the Handbook of Doping in Sport - under production)

So what are the headlines of this talk so far? Use of substances to enhance performance is historic Positive tests are low relative to number of athletes and tests but persist at a consistent level Drug abuse is worse where it is systematically implemented or ignored e.g. by a state e.g. the GDR or Jamaica a World Sports Federation e.g. cycling. Thus the role of good governance is vital. There is poor academic work in this field (Gleaves 2014) Take up of code is high but implementation patchy, due to cost, commitment by many Governments poor Whilst science is the battle ground between the cheaters and the authorities - we in the fair play movement need to examine other counter-measures including education

So who does what in education tackling substance use? –all these people IOC WADA NADAs NOCs Governments Others Is it really properly managed and coordinated? Is there a systematic approach?

The WADA led approach:- WADA World anti-doping Code Article 18 Importance of evidence/research based interventions (insight) Model for Core Programs Information/Education Guidelines to Prevent Doping in Sport WADA (2014) Insight from Prof Barrie Houlihan - Handbook on design and evaluation (current education approach doesn’t work!!)– Must use Market segments, be outcomes focused, use clear SMART objectives– A drug control model?

So why do athletes take drugs? Think about the model when you listen to this union/ minshttp:// union/ UK Anti-Doping's Graham Arthur says there is a "significant doping problem" with young rugby players using steroids.

Doping may be endemic in Rugby union, have they put on 2 stone? per player average over the last 10 years just through weight training? Daniel Spencer-Tonks aged 20 Spencer-Tonks after his 4 year ban for steroid abuse - said: "I've spoken to ex-professional players and people who represented their country at senior level and they have said they knew people on their team who were on it. "They have all said it is massive at the higher levels and I was one of the unlucky ones who got caught."

Legislation and rules are not enough Knowledge is a protective factor Ethics(continuous exposure) is a deterrent Awareness (promotion)social campaigns Information (facts) health consequences Education(values) reinforce –peers(60%?) Sports specific – NSFs, clubs Geographic – towns and cities Setting - schools Why? Where? What? So what are the key components of the model to develop values based education programmes?

Effective prevention techniques Insight led programmes Evaluation and continuous improvement Specific times-moments of vulnerability Risk assessment - intelligence led focus General priorities - young people Messages and media choice tailored to the target group – use the marketing mix! Coaches, PDs, parents, clubs, officials, volunteers Peers, teammates, competitors, sports admin Teachers, doctors, social care, welfare officers Sports science, physios, agents, lawyers etc How? Who? When?

Some practical examplesUKAD Help #cleansport

Informed-Sport is an on line quality assurance programme for sports nutrition products, suppliers to the sports nutrition industry, and supplement manufacturing facilities. The programme certifies that all nutritional supplements and/or ingredients that bear the Informed-Sport logo have been tested for banned substances by the world class sports anti- doping lab, LGC.

100% ME! is about living, communicating and promoting the values of clean sport through clean and fair competition. These key values are:- Informs, supports and educates through advice guidance, support, workshops at each stage of the talent pathway. Fact sheets, an eBook an App, interactive workshops, webinars, inductions and outreach at key events that are delivered in a tailored manner by stage of development and sport. 25,000 athletes trained since ,000 children through school games

Conclusions and recommendations 1. Invest in good Governance Individual doping activity is difficult and expensive to deal with, and doping is worse as we have seen where there are systemic failures So we need to call on all world, regional, national and local sports bodies to commit to improve Governance and in particular Increased transparency within NSFs and ISFs. EFPM to adopt the SARA code.

2. Active Discouragement We need more concerted action to actively discourage people so we must advocate- Tackle Supply and production through National Government legislation and punishment – nb the entourage Priority for investigatory authorities Independence for testing and testers Name and shame PEDs cheats Athletes testimonies to reinforce values

3. Values Based education for young athletes As a sector education interventions have been directive, one way and directive, understanding of marketing, segmentation and values based education is weak. We need to - Commission Research to develop insight, turn insight into tools and instruments that are usable, applicable and relevant at local level.  Develop behaviour change models  Move policy into practice  Partnership between Academics and sports managers, coaches,

Values based education action We call on All NADOs and NSFs to develop insight led values based education programmes in each state/sport with EADO support, pooling evaluation to develop the evidence base to inform better practice. Not just for doping but in all dimensions of fairplay

We all know what pure sport is; let us protect it as best as we humanly can; be guardians of the flame - we owe to kids like Aliya(4) daughter of Badreddine our friend from TKD

SARA Voluntary code of good governance seven key principles as a guide: 1.Integrity: Acting as guardians of the sport, recreation, activity or area. 2.Defining and evaluating the role of the board. 3.Delivery of vision, mission and purpose. 4.Objectivity: Balanced, inclusive and skilled board. 5.Standards, systems and controls. 6.Accountability and transparency. 7.Understanding and engaging with the sporting landscape.

Resources WADA Education Resources Education Programmes links.htmlhttp:// links.html European Initiatives UK programmes (UKAD) European anti-doping initiative select/culture-media-and-sport-committee/news-parliament-2015/chairs- statement-blood-doping-15-16/

Academic References to follow

WADA Code Article 18 Code now offers a clear distinction between information and education – staged phase development process Onus is on Anti-Doping Organizations to deliver values- based education with focus on prevention of doping Directed towards athletes and support personnel with particular focus on young people through school curriculum Values-Based Education / 39

1.Awareness Social awareness campaigns that highlight the issue in question (doping/anti-doping) Also acts as a trigger/refresher for previous learning Values-Based Education – A Cyclical Process / Information Factual information that outlines the processes, rights and responsibilities to the target audience Goal is to inform and prevent inadvertent doping

3. Prevention The framework within which values-based principles are delivered Involves a strategy that seeks to create an environment conducive to clean sport Interventions that target primarily the athlete, but also the primary influencers such as support personnel Allows for a two-way engagement of the participants Values-Based Education – A Cyclical Process / 41