Russian Reform and Revolution (1830 to 1910) Notes: Chapter 16 Section 4

I.) Background of Times A. By mid-1800’s Russia has largest amount of land and population of all European nations B. Problems: 1. lacked industry 2. landlocked (no port on Mediterranean Sea) 3. wide range of ethnic peoples - Belorussians (west) - Ukranians (south) - Great Russians (north/central) –Slavic background--

C. West begins to influence Russia 1. liberal ideas pressure Czar (name given to Russian leader) 2. ruled as an autocrat (one who holds absolute power) D. Domestic Policy: 1. censor speech/press 2. Russification: program by Czar Nicholas I for non-Russians to adopt language, religion, & customs E. Foreign Policy: 1. Pan-Slavism= unite all Slavic people under Russian leadership 2. Expand into Asia & toward Ottoman Empire

II.) Reforms under Czar Alexander II A. In 1855 Alexander II becomes czar of Russia B. Reforms: 1. Emancipation Edict: 1861 all serfs living in Russia are free Result: cheap source of labor for factories law created a new system for local govt. Result: Zemstvos= councils at provincial & county levels 3. Reformed the courts, limited powers of secret police, gave press greater freedom, reorganized military

C. Radical groups 1. Nihilists= 1860’s group of middle class & intellectuals revolutionaries 2. Populists= 1870’s group of revolutionaries 3. People’s Will= radical group who carried out terrorism Outcome: - cause Czar Alexander II becomes conservative; - killed by terrorist bomb in 1881

III.) Czar Alexander III & Czar Nicholas II A. In 1881 Alexander III becomes Czar B. Halts all reforms in Russia: - strict censorship - secret police - oppressed nationalist groups - Pogroms= organized violence against Jews C. In 1894 Nicholas II becomes Czar - Remains autocratic - Higher taxes & foreign investments lead to rapid industrialization Example: Trans-Siberian Railway= worlds largest continuing railroad ( )

IV.) Political Unrest Leads to Revolution A. Growth of industry creates working class w/ low standard of living and little or no political power Outcome: - creates large gap between rich and poor - Russian Marxists lead by Karl Marx believe industrial workers can overthrow the czar * Bolsheviks and Mensheviks * Bolsheviks lead by Lenin (Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov)

C. Bloody Sunday (Jan. 22, 1905) ,000 protestors march w/ petition of rights for workers for Czar Nicholas II to sign 2. Military fires upon crowd killing between 500-1, Provokes waves of strikes & violence around the country……… “Revolution of 1905” B.Russo-Japanese War ( ) 1. Japan vs. Russia for control of Manchuria & Korea 2. Russia defeated = proves govt. was weak and corrupt D.Oct the Duma – Russia’s first parliament is created as a results of the revolts E.Czar is NOT overthrown……………… …

YET!