1. Section 4: Reform and Revolution in Russia
CHAPTER 16
Nationalism in Europe
Section 4: Reform and Revolution in Russia
Objectives:
Discuss Alexander II’s reform efforts, the conflicts sparked by radical groups, and the government’s reaction to radical activities.
Explain the causes of the Revolution of 1908 and why it failed.

2. Ch 16.4 Bell Ringer: SECTION 4 Reform and Revolution in Russia
What were some of the problems faced by Russia?
Problems:
lagging industry, underdeveloped natural resources, lack of ports, external and internal conflict
Option 1
Option 2
expand military force
develop resources
Advantage:
Advantage:
Disadvantage:
Disadvantage:

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Russia was not much changed from the medieval period.

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By the mid-1800s Russia had the largest territory and population of any European nation.

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=== Has the world’s largest oil reserves ===
=== second largest coal reserves ===
=== 1/5 largest lead reserves ===
=== largest reserves of water in lakes ===
=== largest diamond deposits ===
=== second largest potassium reserves ===
=== enormous fish reserves ===

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…virtually landlocked. No warm water ports.

9. Ethnic Groups in Russia
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We have common Slavic ancestors but we have different languages, customs, & history.
Ethnic Groups in Russia
Largest ethnic groups in the European part of Russia
Scattered throughout were various ethnic minorities … many had been conquered and disliked Russian rule.

10. Russian Domestic & Foreign Policies
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Russian Domestic & Foreign Policies
Liberalism made little progress in Russia.
Autocrat ~ one who holds absolute power
Nationalist ideals appealed to the many ethnic minorities within the Russian Empire ~ AND the educated aristocracy.
Alexander I 1814

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… harsh measures would be taken.
Strictly censored speech and press Rejected all demands for a constitution
Russification: change in language or self-identity of non-Russian peoples to being Russian
Nicholas I 1840

12. Russian Foreign Policy
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Russian Foreign Policy
Had two primary features
To increase Russian influence among the Slavic peoples of the Balkans
Pan-Slavism
Expansion to the south into Ottoman Empire and east into Asia

13. Reform and Revolution in Russia
Visual Source
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What country does the octopus represent?
What are its tentacles trying to encircle? Why?

14. Alexander II and Reforms
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Alexander II and Reforms
Serfs in Russia
Russian serfs were bound to persons – NOT to the land. Basically slaves.
Alexander II came to power in 1855.

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Political Cartoon
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Pre-emancipation cartoon depicting the value of the serfs.

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Political Cartoon
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A 19th century cartoon of Alexander II, as he plunges into an abyss on a sled labeled "despotism“.

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18. The Emancipation Edict
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The Emancipation Edict
"It is better to abolish serfdom from above than to wait for the time when it will begin to abolish itself from below.”

19. Other Reforms … SECTION 4 Reform and Revolution in Russia
Zemstovs ~ elected councils at the provincial & county levels
Civil & criminal courts reformed reducing delays and corruption
Limited the power of secret police
Gave press greater freedom
Expanded education
Reduced military service from 25 to 6 years

20. Alexander’s reforms did not please everyone …
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Alexander’s reforms did not please everyone …

21. Radicals and Government Reaction
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Radicals and Government Reaction
Nihilists ~ favored the destruction of human institutions and laws, based on the idea that such institutions and laws were artificial and corrupt

22. Political Cartoon
Reform and Revolution in Russia

23. Terrorist Acts the Populists (1870s) People’s Will terrorism SECTION 4
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Terrorist Acts
the Populists (1870s)
People’s Will
terrorism
Czar Alexander repressed the radical groups but continued reforms.

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Czar Alexander had signed a document granting the first ever constitution for his people … the same day he was assassinated.

26. Used every available means to stamp out liberalism …
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Alexander III
Used every available means to stamp out liberalism …
Nicholas II

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Censorship
Control of church and education
Spies and informers
Imprisonment and exile
Revived and intensified Russification.
Pogroms targeting Jews.

28. Reform and Revolution in Russia
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These attempts to preserve the old order met with much opposition.
Liberals and radicals found support from the exploited workers.

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Social Democratic Labor Party 1898

30. 22 January 1905 ~ “Bloody Sunday”
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The Revolution of 1905
22 January 1905 ~ “Bloody Sunday”

31. The Revolution of 1905 Workers struck and held demonstrations
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The Revolution of 1905
Workers struck and held demonstrations
Mutinies in army and navy
October Manifesto issued
Election of a parliament ~ the Duma
Autocracy continued

32. Failed to overthrow the czar for three main reasons …
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Failed to overthrow the czar for three main reasons …
Army remained loyal to the czar
The French loaned money to Russian gov’t
The revolutionary groups were divided in their goals.
The autocracy continued and would use repressive measure to preserve their power.

33. Any questions? Close your books!
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Any questions? Close your books!
Time for your quiz!

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36. Political Cartoon
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38. Reform and Revolution in Russia
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Problem:
lagging industry, underdeveloped natural resources, lack of ports, external and internal conflict
Option 1
Option 2
expand military force
develop resources
Advantage:
Advantage:
adds resources and ports, unifies populace
avoids external conflict, supports economy
Disadvantage:
Disadvantage:
risks loss of ports and re-sources, popular opposition
requires unavailable technology, labor, and capital

39. Chapter Wrap-Up CHAPTER 16
1. How did differences in the goals of different political groups affect the unification and nationalization of countries such as Germany and Russia?
2. To what extent did threats from other countries influence unification movements?
3. In what countries did common cultural backgrounds play a role in unification efforts?