The Interwar Years and the Crisis of Western Liberalism Bolshevism Fascism Repression

I. The Fall of Romanov Russia and the Rise of the Soviet Union

I. Revolution in Russia, Reform/repression, March Revolution, 1917 Nicholas II

A. Dual Power 1. Provisional Government –Alexander Kerensky

2. Soviets (workers and soldiers) - consensus lacking; locally independent 3. Intelligentsia

4. Kerensky Offensive (1917)

B. The Third Russian Revolution 1. Social Democrats (Marxists) - historical dialectic

2. Mensheviks - parliamentary means Bolsheviks - violent revolution -- bourgeois self-absorption -- discipline

3. V. I. Ulyanov (Lenin) - professional revolutionaries - role of soviets 4. April Theses - peace, land and bread

5. Red October, 1917 Storming of the Winter Palace Leon Trotsky

C. Bolsheviks establish power 1. Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, 1918

2. The Russian Civil War,

3. Elimination of the Czar, 1918

4. Politburo - socialist dictatorship 5. New Economic Policy,

D. Stalinization 1. Stalin v. Trotsky 2. Forced industrialization - 5-Year Plans - Collectivization kulaks

3. Comintern 4. Great Purges, gulag archipelago

5. Stalin’s foreign policy - Treaty of Rapallo, Mutual Non-Aggression Pact, 1939

E. Betrayal of Socialism 1.Stalin’s “Animal Farm” - permanent revolution - NKVD “Black Ravens” - Socialist dictatorship 2. Division of the European Left George Orwell

II. Italian Fascism Nationalism Anti-liberal values Politics of the Irrational

A. Legacy of Unification 1.Weak liberal/democratic tradition 2.Failures of WWI

B. Mussolini’s Italy 1.Benito Mussolini Fascio - “witch’s brew” of ideologies - politics of the irrational

3. Attack on “bourgeois” values 4. Squadristi “black shirts”

5.Alliance with industrialists - corporative system 6. Cult of Personality Il Duce - fasces

7. Lateran Treaty, Linkage of fascism to anti-modernism

B. The New Roman Empire 1. Militarism - Ethiopia ’35 - Albania ’39 2. Pact of Steel, 1939

III. The Spanish Civil War Dress rehearsal for WWII, Guernica - Pablo Picasso

A. The Spanish Republic , Popular Front 2. Red v. Black - Republican v. Nationalist - Francisco Franco

B. International Event 1. Condor Legion 2. Neutrality 3. International Brigade - Abraham Lincoln Brigade Hemingway, For Whom the Bell Tolls

IV. Paralyzed democracy Depression Division Isolation Salvador Dali

A. France 1. Political polarization 2. Depression cancels out reform Leon Blum

B. Great Britain 1.Maintaining Empire 2. Fascist fan club - British Union of Fascists - Edward VIII

C. The United States and the New Deal 1. Leftward expansion 2. Groundwork for prosperity FDR

Totalitarian Europe Rhineland ’36 Anschluss ’37 Munich Agreement ‘38 Poland, ‘39