1. The Interwar Years and the Crisis of Western Liberalism Bolshevism Fascism Repression

2. I. The Fall of Romanov Russia and the Rise of the Soviet Union

3. I. Revolution in Russia, 1917- 1920 Russia unprepared for long war Industrialization came late Reform/repression, 1905-07 rise of soviets March Revolution, 1917

4. A. Dual Power 1. Provisional Government –moderates, constitutional monarchists –Prince Georgi Lvov, Alexander Kerensky » Kerensky Offensive, 1917 » Women’s Battalion of Death

5. 2. Soviets (workers and soldiers) - consensus lacking; locally independent - soviet organization spread to countryside - peasant soviets hoarded food, living conditions in cities worsened 3. Return of the Intelligentsia To the Finland Station

6. B. The Third Russian Revolution 1. Social Democrats (Marxists) - WWI and Russian Revolution part of historical dialectic - Mensheviks = work through parliamentary means - Bolsheviks = change could only come through violent revolution -- sweep away bourgeois self-absorption -- revolution needs discipline

7. 2. V. I. Ulyanov (Lenin) - disciplined party - professional revolutionaries - revolution could be carried out soviets 3. April Theses - peace, land and bread - soviets oppose Provisional Government, Lenin increases influence in same

8. 4. The October Revolution, 1917 - Red Guards (Petrograd Soviet) seize government - directed by Lenin, Leon Trotsky - virtually bloodless; Russian soviets concur with Bolshevik power

9. C. Bolsheviks establish power 1. Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, 1918 - give up territory to concentrate on Revolution - enrages Western allies, many Russian moderates and conservatives

10. 2. The Russian Civil War, 1917-1920 - Whites v. Reds - Western allies send 100,000 troops - human toll; Bolsheviks fail to provide basic services

11. 3. Elimination of the Czar and his family, 1918

12. 4. Establishing the Politburo - socialist dictatorship Trotsky, Bukharin, Stalin vie for influence 5. New Economic Policy, 1921-28 - allowed private agricultural activity - by 1928, Stalin uses economic problems to drive out rivals

13. D. Stalinization of the Soviet Union 1. First 5-Year Plan, 1929-1932 - forced industrialization; preserve socialism 2. Forced collectivization of agriculture - deportation of the kulaks - death of peasant culture; ethnic repression

14. 3. Comintern - organize communist parties worldwide - 1929, Stalin cuts ties to European parties - w/o soviet help, European socialism weakened - paranoia in western democracies 4. Great Purges, 1934-38 - gulags, secret police, attacks on intelligentsia

15. 5. Stalin’s foreign policy Treaty of Rapallo, 1924 Mutual Non-Aggression Pact, 1939 - Stalin makes peace with enemies to gain time in USSR

16. II. Italian Fascism Nationalism Anti-liberal values Politics of the Irrational

17. A. Mussolini’s Italy 1. Italy gained no territory from WWI - 1920, ultra-nationalists criticize “liberal” politicians - Benito Mussolini; former socialist 2. Squadristi = violence in the streets socialist reform from the top down

18. 3. Alliance with industrialists; corruption of bureaucracy - Lateran Treaty, 1929

19. B. The New Roman Empire 1. Worldwide Depression threatened fascist policy 2. Military buildup as economic policy - jobs; contracts for industrialists 3. Ethiopia, 1935; Albania, 1939 - expansion drives Italy into the arms of Germany - 1939, Pact of Steel

20. III. The Spanish Civil War: Battleground Between the Right and Left Guernica - Pablo Picasso

21. A. The Spanish Republic 1. 1931, Popular Front comes to power - property seized - Church attacked 2. Nationalists (landowners, Church, army officers) begin resistance - 1936, Francisco Franco leads right

22. B. International Event 1. Germany sends Condor Legion 2. Britain, France, US remain neutral 3. Soviets organize International Brigade - Abraham Lincoln Brigade Hemingway, For Whom the Bell Tolls

23. IV. Western Democracies Muddling Through Economic Depression Political Division Isolationism

24. A. Failure of the Left in France 1. Political extremes in Europe (Russia & Germany) led to political polarization in France 2. Depression and Popular Front victory Leon Blum

25. 3. Economic depression cancelled out socialist reforms - militarization of Germany, economics frightened French middle class - Right-wingers exploited fears; fascism grows among French industrialists, army officers Philippe Petain

26. B. Great Britain 1. National Government, 1931-35 - coalition of Labour, Liberal, and Conservatives - liberal traditions prevented totalitarianism, but could not thwart it elsewhere 2. Much of Britain’s resources committed to maintaining Empire

27. 3. British Union of Fascists - attacked political opponents - promoted anti-semitism Edward VIII 4. By 1936, Winston Churchill recognizes the threat from Germany

28. C. The United States and the New Deal 1. Revolution, starvation avoided by government expansion 2. America undergoes successful leftward expansion 3. Lays the groundwork for later American prosperity

29. V. German Fascism and World War II

30. A. “The Cult of Personality” 1. Leni Riefenstahl, Triumph of the Will - 1934 Nuremberg rally - how did the Nazis seduce the German people?

31. B. National Socialism 1. “Witches’ Brew” of nationalism, racism, socialist policies, militarism, corporate power 2. Response to: - German humiliation of WWI - decadence of the Weimar Republic - economic crisis of the Great Depression

32. 3. 1923, Beer Hall Putsch - decadence of Western democracy - Jews, Bolsheviks, middle-class liberals 4. National Socialists (Nazis) found support among farmers, small business men, civil servants, and young people - 1933, Hitler becomes Chancellor - “legal” revolution

33. 5. Legitimacy - made political alliance with military, big business 6. Paramilitary thugs - SA, Brown Shirts - SS, Black Shirts

34. C. Nazi Goals 1. Lebensraum 2. Secret rearmament - 1936, the Rhineland 3. Economic self-sufficiency (autarky) - alliance with industry

35. D. Propaganda, Culture and Racism 1. Joseph Goebbels 2. Family life - Hitler Youth - Women and reproduction 3. Outside influence - decadence, Bolshevism 4. “Asocials”

36. The Holocaust I. definitions Genocide - Any act committed with the idea of destroying in whole or in part a national, ethnic, racial or religious group - killing or causing physical/mental harm - inflicting conditions that would harm group - forcefully transferring children - United Nations, 1948

37. B. 1990s - Rwanda, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia C. 1939 - 1945 - Germany

38. II. Nazi ideology and “racial” enemies A. Culture creators (Aryans) Culture bearers (Japanese) Culture destroyers (Jews) B. Race & Social Darwinism 1. Eugenics

39. III. Pre-war assault on German Jews A. Exclusion B. Nuremberg Laws - 1935 - Protection of German Blood and German Honor - Reich Citizenship Law

40. C. Kristallnacht - 1938

41. IV. Assault on Jews during WWII A. Relocation to Ghettos - 1939 - 41 B. Various other plans

42. V. Holocaust begins in Earnest A. 1941 - Germany invades USSR, many Jews shot (September, Babi Yar) B. Jan. 1942 - Wansee Conference “Final Solution to the Jewish Problem” C. Death camps established

43. D. Murders increase at frenzied pace - Treblinka, Sobibor, Belzec, Auschwitz E. Death Marches - winter 1944-45

44. F. Liberation - Red Army takes Poland late 1944

45. VI. Resistance A. Jewish resistance Warsaw Ghetto Uprising - Jan. 1943

46. B. German Resistance “The Road to the Holocaust was built by hate but paved with indifference.”

47. VII. Legacy of the Holocaust A. Nuremberg Trials - 1945-49 B. United Nations guidelines, 1948 C. Punishment of Nazis became secondary factor as Cold War heats up in 1950s

48. Final Thoughts and Interpretation 1. Racist ideology not unique to Nazis (the scale of murder was) 2. Alienation before WWII was crucial for the murders during WWII 3. Knowledge of the Holocaust existed in Germany and in much of the world prior to German defeat

49. 5. Beginning of WWII - Rhineland ‘36; Anschluss ‘37; Munich Agreement; Poland, ‘39 6. Early struggles - France, 1940 - Battle of Britain, 1940 - USSR, 1941

50. B. Liberalism responds 1. 1941, The Atlantic Charter Lend-lease; unneutrality 2. The American Crusade

51. 3. Finally, the “progressive” war - in much of the West, WWII represents triumph of liberalism - throughout West, expansion of social programs 4. Emergence of US as multilateral power - civil rights; women’s rights; “Great Society”

52. C. Groundwork for the new conflict 1. Second front: Allied-Russo Alliance? - Battle of Stalingrad; Battle of Kursk - Normandy invasion, 1944 2. Alliance against Hitler born of necessity: old prejudices still remain

53. 3. Yalta Conference, 1945 4. Iron Curtain Speech - crusading liberalism now aimed at Stalin