Important Terms and Concepts

 In 1848, Fedrric Sorreau printed a series of four prints visualizing his dreams of a world made up of ‘social and democratic Republic’. :It is a view which is too idealistic to be true.

 Europe was divided into absolutist monarchial states.  Multinational dynastic Empires.  The only tie between those diverse groups was the common allegiance to the emperor.  No common identity among them.  Landed aristocracy was the dominant class on the continent.  Majority of the population was made up of peasantry.

 Rise of Nationalism.  Rise of Nation State in place of Multinational Dynastic Empires.  The concept of modern state with defined territory became popular.  Nationalism acts as a binding force.  End of aristocracy.  New classes came into being as working class population and middle class comprised of industrialists and professionals.

 It developed a sense of common among the people of France.  A unite community enjoying equal rights under a constitution came in existence.  A Estates General was elected by a body of active citizens that formulated laws for all the citizens within it’s territory.  Anew tri-color flag was chosen to replace the former royal standard.  Regional dialects were discouraged and French as spoken in Paris became the national language of the nation.

 Revolutionaries are those people who are against the monarchial form of government and favor the creation of nation-states.  The French Revolutionaries declared that it was the mission and destiny of the French nation to liberate the people of Europe from despotism. In other words to help the people of Europe to become a nation became the motto of French Revolutionaries.

 Napoleon introduced a uniform political and administration system over the areas which he conquered like Germany and Italy.  Napoleon introduced a code of conduct know as the Napoleonic Code of Conduct(1804) which established uniform administrative system which enabled the people to interact with each other. All these conditions indirectly led to the rise of nationalism in Europe.

 It established the equality of all before law and secured their right to property.  It abolished all the privileges based on birth.  It removed guild restrictions in town.  It simplified the administration by abolishing the serfdom and freed the peasants from manorial dues.  Laid stress on transportation, communication and banking system. These new reforms and changes brought by Napoleon was praised by not only by peasants and workers but by common people also.

 It is a political philosophy that led stress on the traditionally established institutions and customs also prefers gradual development to a quick change. :He was the chancellor of Austria and chairperson of Vienna Congress.

 The Bourbon Dynasty was restored to power in France and France lost the territories that it had in the south.  A series of states was set on the French boundary to prevent expansion in future.  Prussia got some important territories on its western frontiers and Austria got control over northern Italy.  The confederation of 39 states (Confederation of Rhine ) made by Napoleon was left untouched.

The period between is know as the ‘Age of Revolutions’ because a large number of revolutions took place in this period in many parts of Europe like in Germany, Italy, Ottoman Empire, Ireland, Poland and Greece.  An enormous growth in the population all over the Europe.  The supply of workers exceeded the demand  Small producers in towns were often faced by the stiff competition from the import of cheap machine made goods from England.

 Peasants suffered under the burden of serfdom and manorial dues.  The rise of food prices or a year of bad harvest led to a large number of struggles all over the Europe.  Causes: Europe in the first half of 19 th century.  Results: The Bourbon king who had been restored to power after the Vienna congress by the conservatives were now overthrown by the liberal revolutionaries who established constitutional monarchy with Louis Philippe as it’s head.

 Causes: Europe in the first half of the 19 th century.  Results: The growth of revolutionary uprisings in Europe sparked off for a struggle for independence amongst the Greeks which began in Finally, in 1832 after the ‘treaty of Constant Tinople’ Greek was declared as an independent nation.  The revolutionary uprisings in France sparked off for a struggle in Brussels which led to the split of Belgium from the United Kingdom of the Netherlands.

 : It is was an artistic, literary and intellectual movement that originated in the 18 th century to develop a particular form of sentiments. The movement glorified the folk art and vernacular languages(regional languages).  : Romantic philosophers wanted to create a true spirit of nationalism. They wanted to share a collective heritage a common culture past as the basis of a nation through folk songs, folk poetry and folk dances so according to them