Brain Research and Education: The Vital Connection Presented by Pat Wolfe, Ed.D. Project GLAD September 27, 2007

Traditional Education The emphasis has been on the acquisition and manipulation of content.The emphasis has been on the acquisition and manipulation of content. Students are asked to memorize facts, figures, names, dates, places and events.Students are asked to memorize facts, figures, names, dates, places and events. Subjects are studied in isolation from one another seldom within the context in which they will be used.Subjects are studied in isolation from one another seldom within the context in which they will be used.

A False Assumption We have assumed that if students concentrate on mastering content, they will retain substantive information about the subject and will be able to apply this informationWe have assumed that if students concentrate on mastering content, they will retain substantive information about the subject and will be able to apply this information Yet Howard Gardner states that the majority of our best students cannot apply what they’ve learned when faced with new unanticipated situations.Yet Howard Gardner states that the majority of our best students cannot apply what they’ve learned when faced with new unanticipated situations.

Why Should Educators Become Informed About Brain Research? We’ve been working with brains that we’ve not understood.We’ve been working with brains that we’ve not understood. Our theoretical base has been the behavioral sciences.Our theoretical base has been the behavioral sciences. We’ve operated intuitively and have not been able to articulate our craft to others.We’ve operated intuitively and have not been able to articulate our craft to others.

We Need to Move from Being a “Folklore Profession” If we accept that we need to more effectively prepare students for the skills they are going to need in the future...If we accept that we need to more effectively prepare students for the skills they are going to need in the future... We need to become a scientific profession that understands the structure and functioning of the human brain.We need to become a scientific profession that understands the structure and functioning of the human brain.

How the Brain Works

The brain, our 3- pound universe!

Vascular System of the Brain

Brain imaging techniques allow us to see which areas of the brain control various functions.

Two Brains Playing a Computer Game

The brain is composed of over 100 billion brain cells (neurons) which communicate at junctures called synapses.

What is Learning & Memory? Learning is the act of making (and strengthening) connections between thousand of neurons forming neural networks or mapsLearning is the act of making (and strengthening) connections between thousand of neurons forming neural networks or maps Memory is the ability to reconstruct or reactivate the previously-made connectionsMemory is the ability to reconstruct or reactivate the previously-made connections Neurons that fire together, wire together !Neurons that fire together, wire together !

What have we learned from current brain research? There are four major findings that have application to the classroom.

1. Experience sculpts the brain. Between the second month in utero and the age of two, each neuron in the cortex forms an average of 1.8 synapses per second.Between the second month in utero and the age of two, each neuron in the cortex forms an average of 1.8 synapses per second. Which synapses remain, and which are pruned, depends on whether or not they carry any traffic. If not used, then like bus routes that attract no customers,Which synapses remain, and which are pruned, depends on whether or not they carry any traffic. If not used, then like bus routes that attract no customers, they go out of business.

Language & Plasticity When children are born, they can hear the sounds of 6000 languages. However, by 6 months, the neural connections representing the sounds that have been reinforced remain and the others wither away.When children are born, they can hear the sounds of 6000 languages. However, by 6 months, the neural connections representing the sounds that have been reinforced remain and the others wither away. Plasticity is a feature of the brain throughout an individual’s lifetime, however, young brains are much more plastic than adult brains.Plasticity is a feature of the brain throughout an individual’s lifetime, however, young brains are much more plastic than adult brains.

2. The brain seeks meaningful patterns. Our species has not survived by taking in meaningless information!Our species has not survived by taking in meaningless information! Every encounter with something new requires the brain to fit the new information into an existing category or network of neurons.Every encounter with something new requires the brain to fit the new information into an existing category or network of neurons. If it can’t find a connection, the information is dropped.If it can’t find a connection, the information is dropped.

What do You See?

Making Meaning If we want to make information meaningful to students, we have two options: 1.Find the experience they’ve had and hook the new information to it or 2. Create the experience with them.

4. Emotions are a primary catalyst in the learning process. Emotion can play either a negative or a positive role in the learning process.Emotion can play either a negative or a positive role in the learning process. If a student perceives a situation to be threatening, the thinking part of the brain shuts down and learning is impeded.If a student perceives a situation to be threatening, the thinking part of the brain shuts down and learning is impeded. However, if the emotion generated by a learning experience is pleasant, learning is enhanced.However, if the emotion generated by a learning experience is pleasant, learning is enhanced.

3. There are two distinct types of memory. Procedural MemoryProcedural Memory Skills and habits that have been practiced to the point where they are automatic and unconscious. Declarative MemoryDeclarative Memory Our general knowledge and our life experiences that we can declare or recall consciously.

Rehearsal Strategies to Match the Two Types of Memory Rote Rehearsal works best for Procedural MemoryRote Rehearsal works best for Procedural Memory –Much repetition is needed Elaborative rehearsal works best for Declarative MemoryElaborative rehearsal works best for Declarative Memory –Reciprocal or peer teaching –Metaphor and analogy –Problem-based learning –Visuals and graphics –Simulations –Hands-on activities –Rhythm, rhyme and rap

The better we understand the brain, the better we’ll be able to teach it.