Warm Up: Wednesday Week 7 From the video yesterday: What was the atlatl (tool used by prehistoric hunters) primarily used for? A) To Skin the animals B) To Propel the Spear Write Question and Answer in Warm Up!!!!!

Much of what is known about the early people of Texas comes from the work Archeologists. They have found evidence of early cultures through artifacts. At the time the first Europeans in Texas, there were four separate culture groups. Anthropologists have named these: Southeastern Pueblo Gulf Plains

II. SOUTHEASTERN CULTURE  Caddos  East Texas – Piney Woods  Most advanced tribe in Texas  Farmed corn, squash, beans, potatoes  Gathered fruits, berries and nuts  Hunted and fished  Hunted deer, bear, and bison  Invented trotline  Dome shaped houses  Part of a very large trade network stretching across the US  State name, Tejas, comes from the Hasinai (Caddo language) word for friend.  Appearance  Elongated heads  Tattooed entire body  Men wore Mohawk  Shells, bones, feathers wore in ears, nose, hair, and as jewelry  Women had most power; some confederacies were matrilineal  Warfare for revenge, not focus of their lives

III. SOUTHEASTERN TRIBES THAT MOVED TO TEXAS A. Wichita  Arrived in the 1700’s  Lived along Red River in Central Texas  Large grass homes, similar to Caddo  Farmed in spring and summer  Lived in Teepees during winter  Buffalo hunts in winter  “Racoon-eyed people” because of tattoos  Were moved to a reservation in Oklahoma in the 1800s

B. Cherokee  Forced off homelands by U.S. Indian Removal Act  Settled in 1820 in woodlands of Nacogdoches  Driven out in 1839 by President Lamar to rid Texas of all Indians C. Alabama-Coushatta  Migrated to Texas between 1785 and 1816  Settled in East Texas along Trinity River  Reservation near Livingston in 1854

IV. GULF CULTURE A. Coahuiltecans  Lived in dry brush country of South Texas Plains  Least advanced of all Texas Indians  Primitive hunters and gatherers  Used bow and arrow to hunt and fish  Rabbit stick – weapon used for digging, chopping, throwing  Ate armadillos, lizards, snakes, birds, deer dung, prickly pear fruit, mesquite beans, and nuts  Nomadic- Lived in low, circular hut  Little clothing – breechclout, sandals and skin cloak  Shaman very important

B. KARANKAWAS  Nomadic - moved along Gulf Coast between Galveston Bay and Corpus Christi  Most food came from sea  Hunted alligators and used the grease to repel mosquitoes  Dug-out canoes  Chief weapon long bow and arrows  Appearance  Tall, well-built people  Worn cane piercings in body  War paint – ½ black and ½ red  Practiced cannibalism

C. ATAKAPAN  Lived in marshy area between Galveston Bay and Sabine River  Depended on hunting and gathering deer, bear, fish, and wild plants  Used alligator grease to repel mosquitoes  Homes were brush huts

A. Jornada  Lived in Southwest Texas in ancient times  Built pit houses – partly underground  Later used adobe homes  Farmed corn, beans, and squash  Disappeared in the 1400’s  Some believe they merged with other Native American groups

B. TIGUAS  Moved to Ysleta near present day El Paso  Oldest continuous settlement in Texas  Originally matrilineal, but became patrilineal  The Cacique (tribal leaders) consists of a political leader, religious leader, and the governor.  In recent years, women have been elected to the council, but not all members of the Tigua agree with this change.

VI. PLAINS CULTURE A. Tribes of this culture had many similarities  Food – primarily relied on the buffalo as their source of food  They also used all parts of the buffalo to make clothing, utensils, tools and housing  Made pemmican- Indian “trail mix” made of buffalo jerky, fried berries, nuts and animal fat  Housing – lived in teepees, made of tanned hides and a wooden framework  Nomadic – followed the herds; whole camps could be packed up in 30 minutes  Travois- platform dragged behind horse to carry belongings  Parfleche- “suitcase” made out stiff leather

B. JUMANOS  Split into two subgroups  One is Puebloan  The others were Plains  Hunters and traders  Acted as middlemen; trading agricultural products for animal skins and meats  Known for the quality of the bows and arrows they made  Had striped markings on their faces; showed that they were peaceful traders  Were pushed off their land by the Apaches  Some moved to Mexico; others joined other tribes

C. APACHES  Two Groups  Mescaleros lived in West Texas  Lipans lived in Central Texas  Hated Comanche  Lived in small gardening villages during spring and summer  Nomadic rest of the year  Men wore hair on top of left ear and to the ground on the right  Today, most live on reservations in New Mexico

D. COMANCHES  Came to Texas in the early 1700s  Controlled territory from Mexico to Kansas, and across Texas and New Mexico called Comancheria  Divided into many bands, each with their own peace chief and war chief  Life centered around hunting and war  Nomadic buffalo hunters, and expert horseman

E. KIOWAS  Lived mainly in northeast corner of Panhandle  Only allies with Comanches  Known for having the largest horse herds  Lived in teepees with beautiful paintings

 Lived on southeastern edge of Edwards Plateau and along rivers in east  Had depended on buffalo, but pushed off lands by Apache and Comanche  Ate rabbits, deer, turtles, snakes (favorite), rats and skunk  Poisoned arrow tips with mistletoe berry juice  Flattened babies heads (cosmetic)  Practiced Cannibalism F. TONKAWAS