PowerPoint® Lecture Slides prepared by Jason LaPres C h a p t e r 24 The Respiratory System PowerPoint® Lecture Slides prepared by Jason LaPres North Harris College Houston, Texas Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Cells obtain oxygen and eliminate carbon dioxide. Introduction Cells obtain oxygen and eliminate carbon dioxide. The respiratory system facilitates the exchange of gases between the air and the blood. Blood carries oxygen to peripheral tissues. Blood accepts the carbon dioxide from peripheral tissues. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

An Overview of the Respiratory System Includes the nose, nasal cavity and sinuses, pharynx, larynx, trachea, and conducting passageways The respiratory tract consists of the following: Conduction portion Respiratory portion The respiratory bronchiles The alveoli Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

An Overview of the Respiratory System Functions of the Respiratory System Providing an area for gas exchange Moving air to and from the exchange surface Protecting respiratory surfaces Defending the respiratory system and other tissues from invasion by pathogenic microorganisms Producing sounds involved in speaking, singing, or nonverbal communication Assisting in the regulation of blood volume, blood pressure, and the control of body fluid pH Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

An Overview of the Respiratory System Figure 24.1 Structures of the Respiratory System Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

An Overview of the Respiratory System Figure 24.2 Histology of the Respiratory Epithelium Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Upper Respiratory System Structures in the head are part of the upper respiratory system. Nose Nasal cavity Paranasal sinuses Pharynx Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Upper Respiratory System Figure 24.3a, b Respiratory Structures in the Head and Neck: (a) Anterior View (b) Head, Coronal Section Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Upper Respiratory System Figure 24.3c Respiratory Structures in the Head and Neck: (c) Head and Neck, Sagittal Section Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Upper Respiratory System Figure 24.3d Respiratory Structures in the Head and Neck: (d) Sagittal Section Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Lower Respiratory System Structures in the neck and thoracic cavity are parts of the lower respiratory system Larynx Trachea Bronchi Bronchioles Alveoli Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Lower Respiratory System Figure 24.4a, b, c Anatomy of the Larynx: (a) Larynx, Anterior View; (b) Larynx, Posterior View; (c) Posterior View of Laryngeal Cartilages Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Lower Respiratory System Figure 24.4d Anatomy of the Larynx: (d) Larynx, Sagittal Section Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Lower Respiratory System Figure 24.5 The Vocal Cords Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Lower Respiratory System Figure 24.6 Movements of the Larynx during Swallowing Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Also called the windpipe The Trachea Also called the windpipe Walls contain cartilage rings Enters thoracic cavity anterior to esophagus Bifurcates at the carina Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Primary Bronchi Wall structure similar to tracheal wall One per lung The right primary bronchus supplies the right lung, and the left supplies the left lung Right has a larger diameter and descends toward lung at steeper angle; easier for foreign objects to get lodged there Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Primary Bronchi Figure 24.7 Anatomy of the Trachea and Primary Bronchi Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Bronchi branch out into smaller bronchioles. The Lungs Lungs are divided into lobes: 3 lobes on right: superior, middle, and inferior 2 lobes on left: superior and inferior Bronchi branch out into smaller bronchioles. Bronchioles lead to alveoli. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Lungs Figure 24.8a Superficial Anatomy of the Lungs (a) Thoracic Cavity, Anterior View Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Lungs Figure 24.8b Superficial Anatomy of the Lungs: (b) The Right and Left Lungs Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Lungs Figure 24.9 Bronchi and Bronchioles Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Lungs Figure 24.10a The Bronchial Tree and Divisions of the Lungs: (a) Bronchial Divisions and Bronchopulmonary Segments Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Lungs Figure 24.10b The Bronchial Tree and Divisions of the Lungs: (b) Bronchopulmonary Segments of Left and Right Lungs Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Lungs Figure 24.10c The Bronchial Tree and Divisions of the Lungs: (c) Bronchogram Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Lungs Figure 24.10d The Bronchial Tree and Divisions of the Lungs (d) The Bronchial Tree Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Lungs Figure 24.11a Bronchi and Bronchioles (a) Components of a Lung Lobule Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Lungs Figure 24.11b, c Bronchi and Bronchioles: (b, c) Histology of the Lung Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Lungs Figure 24.12 Alveolar Organization Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Lungs Figure 24.16 Results of Dorothy’s MRI Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Pleural Cavities and Pleural Membranes Parietal pleura lines the pleural cavity. Visceral pleura covers the lungs. Pleural fluid causes membranes to stick together but still slide on one another. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Pleural Cavities and Pleural Membranes Figure 24.13 Anatomical Relationships in the Thoracic Cavity Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Respiratory Muscles and Pulmonary Ventilation Inspiratory muscles Diaphragm External intercostal muscles Expiratory muscles Usually not needed due to elastic recoil of lungs and thoracic cavity Accessory respiratory muscles Inspiration Sternocleidomastoid, serratus anterior, pectoralis minor, and scalene muscles Expiration Transversus thoracis, oblique, and rectus abdominis muscles Internal intercostal muscles Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Respiratory Muscles and Pulmonary Ventilation Figure 24.14 Respiratory Muscles Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Respiratory Muscles and Pulmonary Ventilation Figure 24.15 Respiratory Centers and Reflex Controls Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Aging and the Respiratory System Elastic tissue deteriorates, reducing the lungs’ ability to inflate and deflate. Movements of the rib cage are restricted by arthritic changes. Some degree of emphysema is normally found in individuals age 50–70. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings