1. PowerPoint ® Lecture Slide Presentation by Patty Bostwick-Taylor, Florence-Darlington Technical College Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings PART A 13 The Respiratory System

2. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Organs of the Respiratory System  Nose  Pharynx  Larynx  Trachea  Bronchi  Lungs—alveoli

3. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Organs of the Respiratory System Figure 13.1

4. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Functions of the Respiratory System  Gas exchanges between the ________ and _____________________________  Occurs in the ____________ of the lungs  Passageways to the lungs ___________, _____________, and _________________________

5. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Nose  Only _____________________part of the respiratory system  Air ________ the nose through the external nostrils (____________)  Interior of the nose consists of a _____________divided by a __________________

6. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Upper Respiratory Tract Figure 13.2

7. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Anatomy of the Nasal Cavity  ________________________are located in the mucosa on the superior surface  The rest of the cavity is lined with respiratory mucosa that  ________________________  _______________________________________

8. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Anatomy of the Nasal Cavity  Lateral walls have projections called ___________  _______________________________________  _______________________________________ _______________  The nasal cavity is separated from the oral cavity by the palate  _______________________________(bone)  ________________________________(muscle)

9. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Paranasal Sinuses  Cavities within bones surrounding the nasal cavity are called ___________________  Sinuses are located in the following bones  __________________________________

10. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Upper Respiratory Tract—Paranasal Sinuses Figure 13.2

11. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Paranasal Sinuses  Function of the sinuses  ______________________________  _______________________________________

12. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Pharynx (Throat)  Muscular passage from _____________________  __________ regions of the pharynx  __________________—superior region behind nasal cavity  _______________—middle region behind mouth  ___________________—inferior region attached to larynx  The ______________________________are common passageways for air and food

13. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Structures of the Pharynx  ______________________open into the nasopharynx  Tonsils of the pharynx  ________________(adenoids) are located in the nasopharynx  ________________are located in the oropharynx  ________________are found at the base of the tongue

14. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Upper Respiratory Tract: Pharynx Figure 13.2

15. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Larynx (Voice Box)  Routes _______________ into proper channels  Plays a role in ______________  Made of ________ rigid hyaline cartilages and a spoon-shaped flap of elastic cartilage (_________)

16. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Structures of the Larynx  Thyroid cartilage  Largest of the ______________________  Protrudes anteriorly (___________________)  __________________  Protects the superior opening of the __________  Routes food to the _______________ and air toward the ______________  When swallowing, the epiglottis _________________________________ over the opening of the larynx

17. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Structures of the Larynx  Vocal folds (true vocal cords)  _______________________________________ ________________  ________________—opening between vocal cords

18. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Upper Respiratory Tract: Larynx Figure 13.2

19. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Trachea (Windpipe)  Four-inch-long tube that connects __________________________________________  Walls are reinforced with ________ hyaline cartilage  Lined with _________________  Beat continuously in the _________________of incoming air  Expel mucus loaded with _______________________________________

20. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Trachea (Windpipe) Figure 13.3a

21. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Trachea (Windpipe) Figure 13.3b

22. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Main (Primary) Bronchi  Formed by ___________________________  Enters the lung at the __________________________  Right bronchus is __________________________________________ _________________________________________  _____________________ subdivide into smaller and smaller branches

23. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Main Bronchi Figure 13.1

24. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Main Bronchi Figure 13.4b

25. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Lungs  Occupy most of the __________________  Heart occupies ______________________________________  __________ is near the clavicle (superior portion)  __________ rests on the diaphragm (inferior portion)  Each lung is divided into lobes by fissures  Left lung— _______________  Right lung— _______________

26. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Lungs Figure 13.4a

27. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Lungs Figure 13.4b

28. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Coverings of the Lungs  _________________the outer surface of the lungs  Pulmonary (visceral) pleura covers ___________________  Parietal pleura lines the walls of the ___________________  ________________fills the area between layers of pleura to allow gliding  These two pleural layers ________________________________

29. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Lungs Figure 13.4a

30. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Bronchial (Respiratory) Tree Divisions  All but the smallest of these passageways have reinforcing cartilage in their walls  ____________________

31. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Bronchial (Respiratory) Tree Divisions Figure 13.5a

32. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Respiratory Zone  Structures  _______________________________  Site of gas exchange = ______________

33. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Bronchial (Respiratory) Tree Divisions Figure 13.5a

34. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Bronchial (Respiratory) Tree Divisions Figure 13.5b

35. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Respiratory Membrane (Air-Blood Barrier)  Thin _________________layer lines alveolar walls  _________________connect neighboring air sacs  Pulmonary capillaries cover ________________of alveoli  On _______ side of the membrane is ______ and on the other side is ______________________

36. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Respiratory Membrane (Air-Blood Barrier) Figure 13.6 (1 of 2)

37. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Respiratory Membrane (Air-Blood Barrier) Figure 13.6 (2 of 2)

38. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Gas Exchange  Gas crosses the __________________________________________ ______  _____________ enters the blood  ______________enters the alveoli  ___________________________(“dust cells”) add protection by picking up __________________________________________ ________________________  ______________ (a lipid molecule) coats gas- exposed alveolar surfaces

39. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Four Events of Respiration  _________________________—moving air in and out of the lungs (commonly called _____________)  ___________________—gas exchange between pulmonary _________________  _______________ is loaded into the blood  __________________is unloaded from the blood

40. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings External Respiration Figure 13.6 (2 of 2)

41. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Four Events of Respiration  _____________________—transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide via the ______________  _____________________—gas exchange between blood and tissue cells in _______________________

42. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Mechanics of Breathing (Pulmonary Ventilation)  Completely mechanical process that depends on ______________________in the thoracic cavity  Volume changes lead to _________________, which lead to the _____________________ to equalize pressure

43. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Mechanics of Breathing (Pulmonary Ventilation)  Two phases  _________________ = inhalation  flow of air into lungs  _________________ = exhalation  air leaving lungs

44. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Inspiration  __________________________________________ ____________contract  The _______ of the thoracic cavity increases  External air is ____________ into the lungs due to  _______________________________________  __________________________________

45. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Inspiration Figure 13.7a

46. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Inspiration Figure 13.8

47. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Expiration  Largely a __________________which depends on natural lung elasticity  As muscles _____________, air is pushed ___________ of the lungs due to  _______________________________________  Forced expiration can occur mostly by contracting internal intercostal muscles to depress the rib cage

48. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Expiration Figure 13.7b

49. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Expiration Figure 13.8

50. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Pressure Differences in the Thoracic Cavity  ___________________within the pleural space is always ____________ (intrapleural pressure)  _______________ in lung and pleural space pressures __________________________________

51. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Nonrespiratory Air (Gas) Movements  Can be caused by ___________________________  Examples:  ____________________—clears lungs of debris  __________ —emotionally induced mechanism  ______________ —similar to crying  ____________ —sudden inspirations  ___________ —very deep inspiration

52. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Nonrespiratory Air (Gas) Movements Table 13.1

53. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Respiratory Volumes and Capacities  Normal breathing moves about ____________of air with each breath  This respiratory volume is _________________  Many factors that affect respiratory capacity  ______________________________________  _____________________________________  _______________________________________

54. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Respiratory Volumes and Capacities  _________________________________________  Amount of air that can be taken in ___________ over the tidal volume  Usually between _________________________  __________________________________________  Amount of air that can be _________________  Approximately ____________

55. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Respiratory Volumes and Capacities  ___________________  Air ____________ in lung after _____________  About _____________

56. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Respiratory Volumes and Capacities  _________________  The total amount of ______________________  Vital capacity = _______________________  Dead space volume  Air that _____________ in conducting zone and _______________________________  About ____________

57. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Respiratory Volumes and Capacities  ___________________  Air that ____________________the respiratory zone  Usually about _____________  Respiratory capacities are __________________________________________

58. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Respiratory Volumes Figure 13.9