anatomy- means to “cut apart” study of structure and shape of the body and body parts

2 types: gross anatomy- study of large, easily observable structures

microscopic anatomy- structures are only visible if viewed with an instrument

GrossMicroscopic

physiology- study of how the body and its parts function or work

Levels of organization put in order from smallest to largest: organismsorganellesatoms biospheretissuescommunities organ systemsmoleculesbiomes cellsmacromoleculesorgans populations

atoms  molecules  macromolecules  organelles  cells  tissues  organs  organ systems  organism  populations  communities  biomes  biosphere

Characteristics of Life respiration movement gain energy (food) excrete waste grow and develop respond to stimuli reproduce All living things go thru metabolism.

Environmental factors required for life title in each diagram with requirement defn (if any) why is it necessary/how helps body to function imp info

Homeostasis refers to the body’s ability to remain stable internally even thru external changes dynamic state of equilibrium

ALL body systems play a role in homeostasis nervous and endocrine systems play a major role of maintenance

Homeostatic Control Mechanisms variable – factor or event being regulated 3 components: 1. receptor (sensor)- sensor that responds to changes in the env (stimuli) 2. control center (set point)- determines level at which variable is maintained; determines appropriate response 1. afferent pathway- info sent from receptor to control center 2. efferent pathway- info sent from control center to receptor

3. effector- provides means for control center’s response to stimulus feedback to stimulus if feedback is negative, stimulus is depressed if feedback is positive, stimulus is enhanced most feedback is negative

Body Cavities Information Sheet 1. Draw, color, label Fig 1.8b on p Name the 2 body portions that the body is divided into. 3. Discuss what separates the 2 major cavities of the trunk. 4. What are viscera? 5. Discuss what the mediastinum is. 6. List the organs in the abdominal cavity. 7. What organs are found in the pelvic cavity?

Add’l questions 8. Draw, color, label the cavities of the head on p. 10, fig List the contents of each cavity. 10. Do question #1 in Part B on p. 20.

Body Cavities Membranes 2 types: 1. parietal- membranes that are attached to the wall of the cavity 2. visceral- membranes that are deeper, usually attached to an organ between the 2 membranes –serous fluid- thin, watery fluid that aids in protection and lubrication

Special membranes pleura- membranes associated with lungs parietal and visceral pleura pleurisy- buildup of fluids in the pleura fever, coughs, pain, difficulty in breathing

peritoneal- membranes associated with abdominopelvic region

pericardial- membranes associated with the heart peri-around cardi- heart parietal and visceral pericardium pericarditis- inflammation of lining

Add’l body cavities questions: 1. Draw, color, and label the cavities of the head. 2. List the contents of each cavity. 3. Do question 1 in part B on pg. 20.

Anatomical position and Directional Terms anatomical position- body erect, feet together, arms at side with palms facing forward Directional terms: 1. superior- toward the head 1. ex: The knee is superior to the _____. 2. inferior- toward the lower part of the body (away from the head) 1. The mouth is inferior to the _______.

3. Anterior- toward the front aka- ventral The ____ is anterior to the intestines. 4. posterior- toward the backside of the body aka- dorsal The ____ is posterior to the navel. 5. medial- toward the midline of the body The _____ is medial to the arm.

6. lateral- away from the midline of the body The ear is lateral to the ____. 7. intermediate- between a more medial and more lateral structure The ___ is intermediate between the nose and ear. 8. proximal- close to the origin of the body part or to the point of attachment of a limb to the trunk The ____ is proximal to the radius.

9. distal farther from point of attachment of a limb to body trunk The ____ are distal to the humerus. 10. superficial- toward or at the body surface The ___ are superficial to the heart. 11. deep- away from body surface (more internal) The ___ of the arm are deep to the skin.

Body Systems Overview in each block, write down the name of the body system brief description of what each system does for body (to sustain life) list the major organs associated with each system

structure of human body discussed with respect to PLANES imaginary flat surfaces 3 planes: 1. sagittal (median) plane- vertical plane that passes thru midline of body into equal right and left halves 2. frontal (coronal) plane- at right angle to sagittal plane; divides the body into anterior and posterior halves 3. transverse- (parallel to ground) horizontal plane; divides body into superior and inferior parts

Abdominal Regions when patient complains of pain in abdomen knowing the specific regions makes it easier to locate causes of pain, find tumors, etc., and make diagnoses abdomen subdivided in 2 common ways: 4 quadrants 9 regions draw and label a LARGE picture of a on p. 16 in notebook