Napoleon Bonaparte Chapter 7 Sections 3, 4, 5

Napoleon Joined the army as part of the French Revolution Led a troop of gunners to defend the delegates when royalists marched on the National Convention hailed as a hero of the French Republic Led armies against Austria, Sardinia and Northern Italy. Disrupted English trade in India by advancing France’s trade Lost a naval battle in Egypt (but remained a hero)

Coup d’Etat 1799 - the Directory lost control of France People urged Napoleon to take control Napoleon and troops drove out the majority of the members of the national legislature The rest voted to dissolve the Directory and establish 3 consuls (included Napoleon) Napoleon soon made himself dictator Britain, Russia and Austria joined forces to drive Napoleon from power, but signed a treaty in 1802

Napoleon Rules France 1800 - a plebiscite was held to approve a new constitution This gave Napoleon power as 1st consul Napoleon supported laws that would restore order to France Kept in mind the goals of the Revolution Did not want to return to the days of Louis XVI

Napoleon’s Reforms Economic Set up a more effective tax and banking system Ended corruption and inefficiency in the government Dismissed corrupt officials St up lycees (gov’t run public schools) Restored the Catholic Church Signed a concordat with the pope France recognizes the Church’s influence, but does not give it any control

Your Opinion Would you have supported Napoleon’s ideas? Why/why not? Why would a country elect an emperor when they had just recently beheaded their king?

Napoleon’s Reforms Napoleonic Code - comprehensive set of laws Went in reverse of the Enlightenment Limited liberty, promoted order and authority over individual rights Freedom of speech and press were restricted Slavery reinstated in the Caribbean

Napoleon’s Empire 1804 - Napoleon declares himself Emperor of France Supported by French voters Crowned himself (meaning he was more powerful than the Church) Wanted to control all of Europe and reassert France’s authority in the Americas

Napoleon’s Empire Lost territory - after a rebellion in Saint Domingue, Napoleon gave up controlling the Americas Island of Saint Domingue Louisiana Territory Gained territory - Austrian Netherlands and Italy Controlled the government of Switzerland

* Had the largest empire since the Romans * European Enemies Britain, Russia, Austria and Sweden allied against France Napoleon crushed the allied armies in battle after battle Forced Austria, Prussia and Russia to sign peace treaties * Had the largest empire since the Romans *

Battle of Trafalgar Naval battle against Britain Napoleon’s only loss Horatio Nelson destroyed half of the French fleet Britain had naval supremacy for the next 100 years Napoleon had to give up plans of invading Britain Wanted to find other ways to crush the British

French Empire Napoleon had control or influence over almost every country in Europe Except: Britain, Portugal, Sweden and the Ottoman Empire French Empire was very unstable- it lasted only 5 years (1807-1812)

Napoleon’s Mistakes Continental System - a blockade to trade and communication from Great Britain wanted to strengthen European trade and destroy Britain’s trade and industry The blockade wasn’t effective smugglers, allies of Napoleon, and his family members would ignore it Did weaken Britain’s industry, but then Britain blockaded France

Napoleon’s Mistakes Peninsular War - invaded Spain in order to reach Portugal (wanted them to accept the Continental System) Spanish protested, so Napoleon removed their king from power and made his brother king. Spanish were outraged, and also feared the weakening of the Church (like in France) fought using guerrilla warfare, had aid from Britain Napoleon could not defend against it Italy and Germany began turning against the French as well

Napoleon’s Mistakes Invasion of Russia - Russia refused to stop selling grain to Britain, and France and Russia suspected the other of trying to conquer Poland June 1812 - Napoleon and 420,000 marched on Russia Russians were outnumbered, and so retreated until they had the advantage Used the scorched-earth policy burn fields, kill livestock, destroy towns - leave nothing for the enemy to re-supply

Napoleon’s Mistakes September 7, 1812 - Battle of Borodino Russians retreated Napoleon reached Moscow, but the Russian army had destroyed it In October, Napoleon decided to travel back to France Within weeks, snow began to fall The Russians began to attack Many French soldiers died in the attacks, but more died of exhaustion, hunger and cold By the time the French army made it out of Russia, only 10,000 were left

Napoleon’s Downfall While Napoleon was weak, Britain, Russia, Prussia and Sweden joined forces against him Later joined by Austria Napoleon raised another army (untrained and ill-prepared) Forces met at Leipzig, Napoleon’s army was crushed March 1814~ the kings of Prussia and Russia led their troops in a victory parade through Paris April 1814~ Napoleon surrendered, and was banished to the island Elba

The Hundred Days On Elba, Napoleon heard of Louis XVIII’s troubles Louis XVI’s brother took the throne as Louis XVIII Was extremely unpopular On Elba, Napoleon heard of Louis XVIII’s troubles inspired him to attempt to regain power Escaped and landed in France, and was marched into Paris by a jubilant crowd Became emperor again within days

The Hundred Days The European Allies did not want Napoleon to remain emperor British General Wellington prepared his army at Waterloo (in Belgium) June 18, 1815 - Napoleon attacked The British were aided by the Prussians 2 days later, Napoleon was defeated This defeat ended Napoleon’s grab for power (called the Hundred days) Napoleon was sent to St. Helena to live in exile until his death

Review Define the following terms: guerrilla, blockade, Continental system, scorched-earth, plebiscite, Napoleonic Code What was the concordat Napoleon signed with the Catholic Church? Why did Napoleon want to blockade Britain? What were Napoleon’s 3 mistakes? What happened at Leipzig? Summarize Napoleon’s Hundred Days.

Congress of Vienna Outline ch 7, section 5 You should have information on the following topics Why they met 5 Great Powers Klemens von Metternich Metternich’s 3 goals The political changes caused by the CoV The Latin American Revolutions

The Congress of Vienna European leaders wanted to set up a lasting peace - lasted 8 months Most of the decisions were made in secret by representatives of the five “great powers” Russia, Prussia, Austria, Great Britain and France Most influential representative - Klemens von Metternich (Austria) Distrusted the ideas of the Revolution

Metternich’s 3 Goals Containment (surround France with strong countries) Netherlands was formed German states joined - German Confederation Switzerland became independent Restore balance of power Wanted France to be weakened, but not powerless Legitimacy (Restore Europe’s royal families to the throne) Ruling families of France, Spain and several others were placed back on the throne

Political Changes Britain and France - constitutional monarchies Conservatives had control of Western and Central Europe Russia, Prussia and Austria - absolute monarchs signed the “Holy Alliance” to help keep down the forces of revolution Concert of Europe - series of alliances that ensured that nations would help one another if any revolutions broke out

Revolutions - Latin America With the overthrow and then reinstatement of the Spanish king, the Creoles and Peninsulares were competing for control over the Spanish colonies The Spanish king took control, but he angered the Mexicans, who revolted Other Spanish colonies began to declare their own independence Brazil declared independence from Portugal