The Rise of American Imperialism Hawaii, Cuba, the Philippines, and Latin America

Vocabulary  Imperialism: A policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force  Monroe Doctrine: A political policy of the United States by President James Monroe that states the Western Hemisphere is closed to European interference  Dollar Diplomacy: The use of a country's financial power to extend its international influence  Sphere of Influence: A territorial area that is under the political, military, and/or economic influence of a different nation

The Main Idea The United States entered the imperialist competition later than the European powers but soon extended its influence in the Pacific region. Focus What inspired the imperialist activity of the late 1800s? How did the United States take control of Hawaii? How did the United States gain influence in China? How did the United States exert influence in Japan? The Lure of Imperialism

Several industrialized nations competed to gain territory throughout the world.  The Industrial Revolution had increased wealth in many nations, causing them to look elsewhere for markets and opportunities for investment.  An increase in trade had brought about the rise of large navies to protect trading interests. These navies needed strategically placed bases for refueling and repairs.  Ideologies such as Social Darwinism justified European expansion into Asia, Africa, and Latin America.

Anti-Imperial Sentiment  From the Civil War until the 1890s, most Americans had little interest in territorial expansion:  Imperial rule seemed inconsistent with America's republican principles.  The US did not welcome people with different cultures, languages, and religions.

European Imperialism  By the mid-1890s, a shift had taken place in American attitudes toward expansion. Why? Between 1870 and 1900, the European powers seized 10 million square miles of territory in Africa and Asia. About 150 million people were subjected to colonial rule.

Fear of Competition  In the United States, a growing number of policy makers, bankers, manufacturers, and trade unions grew fearful that the country might be closed out in the struggle for global markets and raw materials.

Belief in Darwinian Struggle  A belief that the world's nations were engaged in a Darwinian struggle for survival and that countries that failed to compete were doomed to decline also contributed to a new assertiveness on the part of the United States.

Dependency on Foreign Trade  By the 1890s, the American economy was increasingly dependent on foreign trade. A quarter of the nation's farm products and half its petroleum were sold overseas.

The White Man’s Burden  During the late 19th century, the idea that the United States had a special mission to uplift "backward" people around the world also commanded growing support.

A New Assertiveness  During the late 1880s, American foreign policy makers began to display a new assertiveness. The United States came close to declaring war on Germany, Chile, and Great Britain.

The Annexation of Hawaii  In 1893, a small group of sugar and pineapple-growing businessmen, backed by the U.S. military, deposed Hawaii's queen, seized 1.75 million acres of land, and conspired for U.S. annexation of the islands, which was achieved in Hawaii became a state in 1959.

The Main Idea A quick victory in the Spanish-American War gave the United States a new role as a world power. The Main Idea How did simmering unrest in Cuba lead to rebellion? Why did Americans get war fever? What happened in the course of the Spanish- American War? Why was annexing the Philippines controversial? The Spanish-American War

Origins of Spanish American War  The Tariff of 1894, which put restrictions on sugar imports to the United States, severely hurt the economy of Cuba which was then a Spanish colony. Angry nationalists began a revolt against the Spanish colonial regime.

The USS Maine  The US, which had many businessmen with investment interests in Cuba, became concerned and dispatched the USS Maine to rescue US citizens who might be endangered by the conflict.

The Effects of Yellow Journalism  On February 15, 1898 the Maine mysteriously blew up and the US blamed a Spanish mine. When the American public was stirred into an anti-Spain frenzy by the yellow journalism of men like Hearst and Pulitzer, President McKinley gave the OK for war.

The Philippine American War  As a result of the Philippine American War, a sequel to the Spanish American War, Spain ceded the Philippines to the United States for $20 million.

American Atrocities  To suppress Filipino insurgency, the American military forcibly relocated or burned villages, imprisoned or killed non- combatant civilians, and used vicious torture techniques (including the water cure) on suspected insurgents.

U.S. victory over Spain elevated the American position in the world. Spain gave up all claims to Cuba. The United States gained territory in Puerto Rico and Guam. Spain turned over the Philippines for $20 million. Territorial gains strengthened the military and economic position of the United States.

Philippine Independence  During the war, more than 4,000 American soldiers, about 20,000 Filipino fighters, and an estimated 200,000 Filipino civilians died. After a long struggle, the Filipinos received their independence in 1946.

The Annexation of Hawaii  In 1893, a small group of sugar and pineapple-growing businessmen, backed by the U.S. military, deposed Hawaii's queen, seized 1.75 million acres of land, and conspired for U.S. annexation of the islands, which was achieved in Hawaii became a state in 1959.

The Open Door Policy gives the United States an equal footing in China. European powers gained spheres of influence in China. The United States feared it would be shut out of the valuable China trade. Secretary of State John Hay proposed the Open Door Policy, giving all nations equal trading rights in China. Increased foreign presence in China led to the Boxer Rebellion. Western nations cooperated to quell the rebellion and continue exploitation of Chinese trade.

Theodore Roosevelt Because of his part in the war, Theodore Roosevelt was a very popular man. He quickly was elected to public positions and soon became the Vice President of the United States. When President McKinley was assassinated in 1901, Theodore Roosevelt became the new President of the United States.

The Roosevelt Corollary  In 1904, when Germany demanded a port in the Dominican Republic as compensation for an unpaid loan, Theodore Roosevelt announced the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine, declaring that the United States would be the policeman of the Caribbean and Central America.

The Roosevelt Corollary Background  The Monroe Doctrine, proclaimed in 1823, declared the Western Hemisphere off-limits to European nations.  After the Spanish-American War, presidents backed up the Monroe Doctrine with military strength.  In 1904, the Dominican Republic could not pay back European lenders. To prevent Europeans from using force to collect the debt, Roosevelt issued the Roosevelt Corollary. The Roosevelt Corollary The United States pledged to use force to prevent European countries from seizing Dominican territory. The United States took control of collecting Dominican customs duties. The Corollary was issued without seeking approval from any Latin American nation. The Roosevelt Corollary succeeded in bringing more stability to the region.

The Panama Canal President Roosevelt saw the need for a shortcut between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans and began the process that would build the Panama Canal. For years people had talked about the possibility of such a canal and the French had attempted one years earlier, but were unsuccessful. Thick jungles and disease were major problems. Another problem arose when Columbia refused to sell the isthmus of Panama to the US.

Interventions in Western Hemisphere  To enforce order, forestall foreign intervention, and protect economic interests, the United States intervened in the Caribbean and Central America some twenty times over the next quarter century -- in Cuba, the Dominican Republic, Haiti, Mexico, Nicaragua, and Panama.

American Support of Dictators  Each intervention put into power a dictator supportive of American interests (Somoza in Nicaragua, Trujillo in the Dominican Republic, and Duvalier in Haiti). Somoza Trujillo Duvalier

Protection of American Interests  On the whole, the United States’ actions in Latin America protected US commercial and strategic interests, but the goal of spreading democracy went mostly unfulfilled. The frequent use of military force also engendered widespread resentment in the region.

Acquisition of Alaska  The exception to the rule was Alaska. In 1867, Sec. of State William Steward arranged to buy Alaska from the Russians for $7.2 million. Rich in natural resources (timber, minerals, and oil), Alaska was a bargain at two cents per acre.