The Romantic Occident  Hollywood re-visited  Stereotypes and the West  The West as seen by secularized and disenchanted Muslims

Gharbzadgi: Westernization of Muslim Societies Mustapha Kemal –“disestablishment” of Islam –repeal of the shari’ah –adoption of Western practices (eg. marriage, the alphabet) –historical evolution: the Turkish experience of Europe –Westernization through language

Gharbzadgi: Westernization of Muslim Societies  Literature and literary movements  Music  Food and cuisine  Arts and architect  Popular culture  Media (eg. Western- style journalism)  Western judiciary, judges, and lawyers

Major Shifts in “Modern” Muslim Understanding  Colonization…independence  Re-colonization  Efforts to gain real freedom

Independence, freedom, re-colonization: methodologies Processes, mechanisms, techniques: –Rulers –System of governance –Economic struggle –International institutions –The unrelenting yoke of the colonial era –The nature of state and society in the post-1950 Muslim world

 The emergence of nationalism and anti-colonial attitudes  The West “naturalized”: the struggle for independence –The case of Indian Muslims  Independence achieved – but freedom?

Re-capturing the Muslim Mind  The root of Muslim self- awareness –Sources, ideals, goals  Sources of Inspiration: al- Qur’an –Major trends in 20 th century tafsir literature regarding the West –Islamic Revival and Westernization

 Muslim perspectives on the West changing through time  Major strands: –Medieval Europe –Industrial/ Reformation Europe –Colonized and colonizing –Post-colonial  Three broad modern categories: condemn, embrace, critically appraise  Still attempting to break from colonized mindset “History is a nightmare from which I am trying to wake up.”

…true piety does not consist in turning your faces towards the East or the West… —al-Qur’an 2:177