The Carbonyl Functional Groups

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Presentation transcript:

The Carbonyl Functional Groups Chapter 14, 15, 16 Suggested Problems: Chapter 14: 3-12 Chapter 15: 5-8

The Carbonyl Group A C=O group is called a carbonyl group Depending on what else is bonded to the carbonyl carbon, we have aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, esters and amides

Aldehydes The functional group of an aldehyde is a terminal carbonyl group (there is a hydrogen on the carbonyl carbon) The generic formula of an aldehyde is

An example of an aldehyde is acetaldehyde Examples: Aldehydes An example of an aldehyde is acetaldehyde ethanal acetaldehyde

Naming Aldehydes The suffix for aldehydes is “al”

Ketones The functional group of a ketone is an internal carbonyl group (the carbonyl carbon is bonded to two alkyl groups) The generic formula of a ketone is shown below R and R’ may be the same alkyl groups, or they may be different

Acetone is the simplest ketone The suffix for ketones is “one” Naming Ketones Acetone is the simplest ketone The suffix for ketones is “one” propanone acetone

Carboxylic Acids The functional group of carboxylic acid is the carboxyl group Carboxyl = carbonyl + hydroxyl

Naming Carboxylic Acids The suffix for carboxylic acids is “oic acid” An example of a carboxylic acid is acetic acid ethanoic acid acetic acid

Example

Esters The generic formula of an ester is: Esters are condensation products between carboxylic acids and alcohols

An example of an ester is pentyl acetate, an artificial banana flavor H C H C H C H C H O C C H 3 2 2 2 2 3 pentyl ethanoate pentyl acetate

Examples of Esters acetyl salicylic acid (aspirin) methyl salicylate (wintergreen)

The generic formula of an amide is: Amides The generic formula of an amide is: Amides are condensation products between carboxylic acids and amines C N R 1 O 2 3 R C O H NR2

An example of an amide is acetaminophen, an analgesic Tylenol®

Summary of the Functional Groups Alkane C-C single bond Aldehyde Terminal carbonyl (C=O), RCHO Alkene C=C double bond Ketone Carbonyl (C=O), R2C=O Alkyne C≡C triple bond Carboxylic Acid Carboxyl group, RCO2H Aromatic Benzene ring Ester Carboxylic acid + alcohol, RCO2R’ Alcohol Hydroxyl group, ROH Amide Carboxylic acid + amine, RCONR2 Ether Oxygen bridge, ROR’ Amine Nitrogen, R3N No Naming of Amides and Esters

Identify the Functional Groups Ethynylestradiol “novestrol” Ortho-Cyclen

Identify the Functional Groups This is cocaine

Identify the Functional Groups Penicillin G

Identify the Functional Groups What is the total number of functional groups? Oxytetracycline antibiotic

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