1. Organic Chemistry Chapter 24 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

2. 24.1 Common Elements in Organic Compounds

3. 24.1 Classification of Hydrocarbons

4. 24.2 Alkanes Alkanes have the general formula C n H 2n+2 where n = 1,2,3,… only single covalent bonds saturated hydrocarbons because they contain the maximum number of hydrogen atoms that can bond with the number of carbon atoms in the molecule CH 4 C2H6C2H6 C3H8C3H8 methaneethanepropane

5. 24.2 Alkane Nomenclature 1.The parent name of the hydrocarbon is that given to the longest continuous chain of carbon atoms in the molecule. CH 3 CH 2 CHCH 2 CH 3 1234567 4-methylheptane 2.An alkane less one hydrogen atom is an alkyl group. CH 4 CH 3 methane methyl

6. 24.2 Alkane Nomenclature

7. 24.2 Alkane Nomenclature 3.When one or more hydrogen atoms are replaced by other groups, the name of the compound must indicate the locations of carbon atoms where replacements are made. Number in the direction that gives the smaller numbers for the locations of the branches. CH 3 CHCH 2 CH 3 12345 2-methylpentane CH 3 CH 2 CHCH 3 12345 4-methylpentane

8. 24.2 Alkane Nomenclature 4.Use prefixes di-, tri-, tetra-, when there is more than one alkyl branch of the same kind. CH 3 CH CH 2 CH 3 123456 2,3-dimethylhexane CH 3 CHCCH 2 CH 3 12 3 456 3,3-dimethylhexane

9. 24.2 Structural isomers are molecules that have the same molecular formula but different structures name:

10. How many structural isomers does pentane, C 5 H 12, have? CCCC C HHHHH H HHHHH H CCC C HCH 3 HH H HHHH H CC C H H H HH H name: 24.2 name:

11. 24.2 Alkane Nomenclature 5.Use previous rules for other types of substituents. CH 3 CH CH 3 Br 1234 NO 2 2-bromo-3-nitrobutane CH 2 CHCH 3 Br 1234 NO 2 1-bromo-3-nitrobutane

12. What is the IUPAC name of the following compound? 24.2 1234567 8 CH 3 CHCH 2 CHCH 2 CH 3 C2H5C2H5 CH 2 CH 3 What is the structure of 2-methyl-3-propylhexane?

13. Note about Substituents The presence of substituents containing elements other than C and H leads to other groups… halogenoalkanes – contain halogens –F = fluoro –Cl = chloro –Br = bromo –I = iodo

14. What is the IUPAC name of the following compound? 24.2 1234567 CH 3 CHCH 2 CHCH 2 Cl CH 3 I What is the structure of 2-bromo-3-ethylhexane?

15. 24.2 Cycloalkanes Alkanes whose carbon atoms are joined in rings are called cycloalkanes. They have the general formula C n H 2n where n = 3,4,…

16. What is the IUPAC name of the following compound? 24.2 What is the structure of 1,2-dibromocyclohexane? CH 3 Cl

19. 24.2 Alkenes Alkenes have the general formula C n H 2n where n = 2,3,… contain at least one carbon-carbon double bond also called olefins CH 2 CHCH 2 CH 3 1-butene or but-1-ene CH 3 CH CH 3 name: CC Cl HH CC H H cis-dichloroethene trans-dichloroethene name:

20. 24.2 Alkynes Alkynes have the general formula C n H 2n-2 where n = 2,3,4,… contain at least one carbon-carbon triple bond 1-butyne or but-1-yne2-butyne or but-2-yne CH CCH 2 CH 3 CC Draw a molecule of acetylene – more properly called ethyne: Why isn’t there a “1” in ethyne?

21. 24.3 Aromatic Hydrocarbons C C C CC C H H H H H H C C C CC C H H H H H H benzene

22. 24.3 Aromatic Compound Nomenclature CH 2 CH 3 ethylbenzene Cl chlorobenzene NH 2 aminobenzene NO 2 nitrobenzene 1 2 3 4 5 6 Br 1,2-dibromobenzene Br 1,3-dibromobenzene

23. 24.3 Aromatic Hydrocarbons If benzene is a substituent, it is called ‘phenyl’…. Go figure… CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 name: name: phenyl salicylate (common) or phenyl–2-hydroxybenzoate If benzene has a –CH 2 attached to it… and is a substituent, it is called ‘benzyl’…. Odd….

24. 24.3 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons

25. 24.4 Functional Group Chemistry Alcohols contain the hydroxyl functional group and have the general formula R-OH. propan-2-ol 1,2-ethanediol or ethan-1,2-diol1-hydroxybenzene

26. 24.4 Functional Group Chemistry Ethers have the general formula R-O-R’. Their names are a bit trickier… and IB doesn’t expect you to name them… but just in case you are interested… CH 3 OCH 3 is called methyl methyl ether or dimethyl ether or methoxy methane

27. 24.4 Functional Group Chemistry Aldehydes and ketones contain the carbonyl ( ) functional group. O C R C H O aldehydes have the general formulaR C R’ O ketones have the general formulaH C H O H C O CH 3 C O H3CH3C methanal (formaldehyde) ethanal (acetaldehyde) propanone (acetone) What is the difference?

28. 24.4 Functional Group Chemistry Carboxylic acids contain the carboxyl ( -COOH ) functional group. methanoic acid ethanoic acid butanoic acid

29. 24.4 Functional Group Chemistry Draw 3-chloropentanoic acid:

30. 24.4 Functional Group Chemistry Esters have the general formula R’COOR, where R is a hydrocarbon group. CH 3 COOH + HOCH 2 CH 3 CH 3 C O CH 2 CH 3 + H 2 O O ethyl ethanoate (ethyl acetate) CH 3 CH 2 C O CH 3 O name:

31. 24.4 Functional Group Chemistry Draw propyl butanoate:

32. 24.4 Functional Group Chemistry Amines are organic bases with the general formula R 3 N. CH 3 NH 2 + H 2 O RNH 3 + + OH - CH 3 CH 2 NH 2 + HCl CH 3 CH 2 NH 3 + Cl - methylamine name:

33. 24.4 Functional Group Chemistry Amides have the general formula R’CONH 2, where R is a hydrocarbon group. CH 3 C NH 2 O ethanamide CH 3 CH 2 C NH 2 O name:

34. 24.4 Functional Group Chemistry Nitriles have the general formula RCN, where R is a hydrocarbon group. ethanenitrile or cyanomethane CH 3 C N

35. 24.4

36. What is this? Chang, Chapter 24, p 1016 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Methane hydrate Single molecules of methane produced by bacteria in the sediments on the ocean floor Trapped within a crystalline cage of frozen water molecules High pressure and low temperatures Looks like a grey ice cube… but will burn. Reserve estimated at 10 13 tons of carbon About 2x the amount of carbon in all the coal, oil, and natural gas on land Engineering challenge – how to mine it without causing an environmental disaster ????

37. What is this? Chang, Chapter 24, p 1016 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Electron micrograph of benzene molecules, which shows the ring structure.