Before 1950, atm. CO 2 values come from ice cores. Scholander made first measurements of gases in icebergs in Baffin Bay in 1950’s.

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Presentation transcript:

Before 1950, atm. CO 2 values come from ice cores. Scholander made first measurements of gases in icebergs in Baffin Bay in 1950’s.

The National Ice Core Laboratory in Denver, Colorado

Depth Bubble Close- Off Region Free Atmosphere Glacier Surface Issues: 1)Ice age - gas age 2)Trapped gases are ave. 3) Gravity and thermal frac.

Depth Bubble Close- Off Region Free Atmosphere Glacier Surface Convection Zone Static-Air Column Non-diffusive Zone Depth N (‰) 15  0.0 Barometric Equation: Pz = Po(e (mgz/RT))

Bubble close- off region To Waste Density (g/cc) Depth Rubber Bladder Firn Air Sampling Device To Inflate bladder To Flasks Bender Baffle

Using  15 N to assess the depth of bubble close-off in the past Bubble close off is primarily a function of temperature (colder temps -> deeper close off depths). Gravitational fractionation is also a function of temp. Pz = Po(e (mgz/RT)) Age difference between bubbles and surrounding ice is proportional to accumulation rate which is also tied to surface temperature

 T=10.4±2 o C

Dry Extraction technique only Numerous labs using different techniques Numerous Antarctic ice cores drilled differently

IPCC 2007 Synthesis report

Sources of CO 2 to atmosphere Weathering reactions H 2 SO 4 + CaCO 3 → CaSO 4 + H 2 CO 3 Fossil Fuel Burning CH O 2 → CO H 2 O Respiration C 6 H 12 O 6 → 2 CO C 2 H 5 OH O Volcanoes emit CO 2 from subducted oceanic sediment

Sinks of Atmospheric CO 2 Increase C org reservoir Increase CaCO 3 reservoir (coral reefs) Store CO 2 in deep ocean Sequestration