1. Predicting Past Climates Huzaifa and Shajee

2. We will talk about: Predicting Past Climates: Ice Cores Record temperature data by trapping gases such as oxygen, carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide Dentrochronology Tree rings and coral reefs grow annual layers in proportion to how favourable climate is. Rocks, Oceans, and Caves Sediment may contain evidence such as fossils and plant pollen, of past climates.

3. Studying Clues to Past Climates: Scientist have recorded temperature, rainfall, and other data over the last 200 years Before people kept climate records in: Journals Paintings Farming Records Oral Histories People who study past climates are called Paleoclimatologists. Proxy record: stores of information in tree rings, ice cores, and fossils that can be measured to give clues on what the weather was like in the past.

5. Ice Cores

6. What are Ice Cores: A core sample from the build up of snow and ice They have recrystallized and have trapped air bubbles from previous time periods They Contain: Ice Snow Wind blown dust Ash Bubbles of atmospheric gas Radioactive substances

7. What are Ice Cores: Typical ice cores are removed from ice sheets Most commonly from the polar ice caps of Antarctica, Greenland, and from high mountain glaciers.

8. Structure: Mostly formed from snow It is a firm grainy material with texture similar to sugar. Age depends of thickness Portions of Antarctica are said to be covered with ice for more than 20 million years Scientists don’t to retrieve cores more than one million years old.

9. What do Ice Cores do: Ice cores increase the levels of CO 2 in the atmosphere The concentration continuously has been going up and down through out the millenniums. Ice cores also change the temperature The temperature has been changing more constantly today, than it was 400 million years ago. Give information on weather, precipitation, and volcanic eruptions.

11. Dentrochronology

12. What is Dentrochronology: Study of: Tree Rings Wider in good growing years Narrower in bad growing years Coral Reefs Grow near the surface of the ocean Layers of coral grow at different in warm and cold weather

13. Tree Rings: Trees crate one growth ring per year In warm conditions, they produce a thick ring In cold conditions, a narrow ring Some trees live for thousands of years They are: Bristle cone pine California Redwood Clues are assembled from both dead and living trees They collect records going as far back as 10,000 years In Ontario, trees have provided proxy climate data for the past 2767 years.

14. Bristlecone Pine

15. California Redwood

16. Thicker Narrower

17. Coral Reefs: Records are also preserved in coral reefs Corals add a layer of growth each season Scientist study them by drilling cylinders of coral and studying their layers Information from corals, helps determine the water temperature.

19. Rocks, Oceans, and Caves

20. Rocks: Layers of soil and rock build up on the earths surface over time. Each layer may contain clues such as: Plant Pollen Fossils Fossils of pollen grains can be used to identify the plants that grew thousand of years previously. Palynologists: Scientist who study Pollen. They use the: Size Shape Presence of: Pores Furrows Air sacs to Identify the species of the plants

22. Oceans: Layers of sediment drift to the ocean floor and form layers of rock Scientist drill cores of sediment from the ocean floor Fossils of marine plants and animals are found sometimes Sometimes they are found in colder water than they lived in This is evidence that the layer containing these fossil fuels formed during a warmer climate This has allowed scientist to build a picture of the earth's climate thousand years past.

24. Caves: Rock formations grow as the minerals that are dissolved in dripping water solidify into rock. Scientists can measure and date layers from these rocks Rock formations grow faster in rainy water Analysis of the layers determine how much precipitation occurred at specific times in the past.

26. Quiz Time

27. 1.) What are Proxy Records? a) Stores of information in tree rings and ice cores b) Stores of information in tree rings and ice cores, and fossils c) Stores of information in rocks d) Stores of information in Dentrochronology

28. 2.)In Ontario, trees have provided proxy climate data for the past _____ Years a) 2267 b) 2676 c) 2767 d) 10,000

29. 3.)Tree rings are wider in good growing Years: a) True b) False

30. 4.) Which tree can live for thousands of years? a) Pine b) Bristlecone Pine c) Maple d) Mahogany

31. 5.) Scientists who study pollen are called ________. a) Palynologists b) Balneologists c) Pollen Scientists d) Apologists

32. The End