Mrs. Williams Peacekeeping (Treaty of Locarno and League of Nations continued)

Mandate system for League Of Nations Wilson’s fourteen points addressed the issue of distributing colonial powers, the implementation of a mandate system was established to help this delicate subject This distribution would be handled by the League in order to utilize the well-being of the people living in the territories (self-determination) 3-tier system of readiness was established A-Irag, Syria, Palestine then B-African (German) colonies C-Pacific Islands Allocations of the mandates went to Britain and France, Italy received nothing and Germany remained unacknowledged

Absence of Powers The absence of three powers created serious consequences for the League and lack of support for the Versailles Treaty Collective Security depended on collective action The Treaty of Rapallo (Germany and USSR) allowed Germany access to weapons and build factories unknown by the League inspectors The Treaty of Locarno resolved Franco-German relations and provided hope for lasting peace Britain was deterred by the lack of American support => Britain pulled support for the Anglo-American guarantee

France France needed reassurance that Germany was not and would never be a threat to them Cancellation of the Anglo-American agreement caused the French premier, Raymond Poincare’, to demand that the League “police the Versailles agreement” Britain wanted to rebuild Germany to benefit trade and economy while France wanted to bully them into further weakness With the absence of Russia, Germany, US, and doubts of Britain, other countries considered leaving the League

Collective Security The basis for the League of Nations in which all the members protected one another Collective security was a more abstract terms and not all nations sees a crisis from the same perspective and can provide the same economic or military support Draft Treaty of Mutual Assistance (1923) required all members to come to the aid of victims The League was effective against medium powers but not against strong aggressors (Ruhr invasion by France, Manchuria, Abyssinia)

Versailles Failures Versailles not only failed to correct the problems at the conclusion of WWI but created another conflict, reparations Negative relationships were created between the debtors and the U.S. This negativity contributed to the Ruhr Crisis and the conflict between France and Britain Keynes felt that the U.S. was only punishing themselves by creating reparations Germany asked for revisions of the treaty many times The Ruhr was the center of German heavy industry and the production path to support reparation payments

Problems with Peace Attempts Anglo-American Guarantee (1919)Alliance between U.S. and Britain (to appease France) that if Germany attacked they would support one another U.S. elected President Harding (1921) with his campaign “return to normalcy” it was a plan to return to isolation (reason for keeping U.S. out of League) Britain believed that Germany was treated too harshly and believed that Germany would ally herself with Russia

Ruhr Crisis Ruhr Crisis was an invasion and occupation of the Ruhr area of Germany by France in 1923 After the collapse of the Anglo-American guarantee France was concerned about Germany’s power 1921 US and Britain were turning towards isolationism France wanted to use the German reparation payments under the Treaty of Versailles to further weaken Germany and strengthen France by using $ to pay back their debts France (controlled by a new premier Raymond Poincare’) felt that they had to FORCE Germany to follow through

Ruhr Crisis Germany missed a delivery/payment and France declared her in default so Belgium and French troops invaded the Ruhr Located near Rhine river Who would Germany turn to? How would he/she solve this conflict?

French Collections France decided to collect war reparations themselves by taking the output of all the mines and factories in the Ruhr area Workers began to strike and sabotage the French, mines were flooded, ships and railroads were destroyed, lives were lost Inflation ensued and the Weimar government began printing more money to resolve the crisis, paper money lost value Middle class citizens suffered the most and this allowed for communist desires to erupt and extremist like Hitler to gain power

Gustav Streseman Streseman was appointed new Chancellor of Germany (1923) Streseman claimed that Germany would comply with the Versailles treaty, appeasing the French France was ready at this point to come to an agreement with Germany The Policy of Fulfillment helped mend her reputation Germany was the economic engine of Europe and the economic downfall of Germany added to the stress already placed on the European economy (leads to the Great Depression)

Charles Dawes and Dawes Plan Dawes created the idea that Germany could reschedule reparation payments The US would loan $ for the rebuilding of the German government American capital would support German business and banking Germany’s agreement to the terms of the Versailles treaty was known as the Policy of Fulfillment, this policy remained in place until Hitler took power

Lorcano Treaty 1925 French premier Aristide Brian accepted the treaty with Britain, Germany and Belgium Germany accepted its borders with France and Belgium Germany would join the League of Nations Germany’s eastern borders were open for discussion and western borders were fixed (Poland, Czechoslavakia) The treaty established a sense of “euphoria” and the allies removed their remaining troops from the Rhine area, removed Germany’s arms, 1930 Germany became an independent state (Lorcano Spring=optimism)

Kellog-Briand Pact Signed in 1928 by 65 countries to renounce war as international policy and implemented in 1929 Signed because of the success of Lorcano and to display the hopes for a new era