1. Western Civilizations Unit 14 Chapter 26 section 4: The Versailles treaty

2. The Paris Peace Conference January 1919 “The Big Four” Italy: Vittorio Orlando GB: David Lloyd George France: Georges Clemenceau US: Woodrow Wilson Wilson’s 14 points A basis for a “peace without victors” a moral crusade to fix the problems that he felt caused WW I Examples?

3. The 14 points “Wilsonianism” Free Seas, low tariffs, de-colonization of Empires, self- determination for ethnic groups in Europe, open diplomacy, The League of Nations The League of Nations The only of the 14 points to survive into the treaty U.S never joins (why?)

4. The Versailles Treaty Germany lost 13% of its territory (Alsace and Lorraine) 10% of population and all of its colonies Germany accepts responsibility for war (war guilt clause) 33 billion in reparations Rhineland de-militarized (German armed forces restricted) 100,000 man army, small navy, no subs tanks or artillery Some new European nations created (Poland, Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia) Colonial Empires outside of Europe left intact In fact added to by the Mandate System

5. Unit 17 Ch 28 Part 1: The world between the wars

7. The United States in the Roaring 20’s US adopts isolationist position (Normalcy) No Versailles Treaty The Age of play prohibition

8. Failures of Versailles in Europe French demands Wanted the treaty strictly enforced 33 billion in annual payments of 2.5 billion Germans Defaulted in 1922 and the French occupy the Ruhr Valley The British position John Maynard Keynes Br. Economist and author of “The Economic Consequences of the Peace” German economic woes Passive resistance to French occupation began to print more money to pay debts Caused massive inflation

9. A brief pause (1924-1929) American banker Charles Dawes placed the German debt on a sliding scale The Dawes Plan 200 million dollar loan to Germany The Kellogg-Briand Pact Arms reduction (5:5:3:3:1 ratio) Outlaws war as an instrument of foreign policy

11. The US Stock Market Crash Caused by “false prosperity” of the 1920’s Over speculation and margin buying 4,000 banks collapse One of the causes of the Great Depression Starts a world wide depression

12. Responses to the Depression Problem of unemployment Germany (6 million), GB 25% of work force No real solutions other than cutting wages and raising tariffs The Rise of Marxism Since capitalism and “Laissez Faire” tradition were not working people looked for radical solutions The rise of dictators Democracy does not seem to work!

13. New Democratic states Many newly democratic states have no democratic tradition (Italy, Germany) Weimar Republic (Germany) President Paul von Hindenburg (1925) Financial crisis paves way for extremism Great Britain Debt from WW I Labor problems (strike in 1926) Some colonies became self-governing) Guilt over Versailles Treaty

14. The World Picture Japan: Militarists (General Tojo, Admiral Yamamoto) and ultra-nationalists gain influence with Emperor Hirohito after the depression Increased demand for expansion to gain raw materials (Manchuria, Korea) 1931 Japan takes over Manchuria and the League of Nations condemns their action Invaded the Chinese mainland again in 1937 Allied themselves with Germany and Italy(Axis Powers)