25/04/2007INGAS Air Quality Improvement and Natural Gas Use in Istanbul Omar ALAGHA,PhD Fatih University, Department of Environmental Engineering, 34500, Istanbul, Turkey

25/04/2007INGAS Introduction Air pollution “ the presence of undesirable material in air, in quantities large enough to produce harmful effects”. The Industrial Revolution: Predominant air pollution problem of the 19 th century was SMOKE and ASH Every country in Europe or USA experienced serious air pollution problems in large cities, e.g London disaster in 1952 where 4000 died. Clean Air Act in 1956, the reduction of domestic heating smoke from 175 to 75 ug/m 3. Istanbul has encountered a serious sulfur dioxide episodes in the past decades

25/04/2007INGAS Environmental pollution and fuel use –Combustion products Natural gas compared with others –low quality coal use: power plants domestic heating –Emission control technologies –Criteria Pollutants: SO 2, NO, NO 2, NOx, SPM, CO, O 3, THC, CH 4 and nMHC The principle greenhouse gases include: – water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrogen oxides, and some engineered chemicals such as cholorofluorocarbons. –Smog, Air Quality and Acid Rain

25/04/2007INGAS Photochemical SMOG Istanbul population millions population increase 3.1% per year. In the winters, there are 37 cities which exceeded the short-term (400  g/m3) and 55 cities which exceeded the long-term (150  g/m3) SO2 limits set by Turkish Air Quality Legislation

25/04/2007INGAS General Ideas in Air Pollution 1.Improve dispersion: I.Tall stacks II.Intermittent control scheme shut down plant temporary fuel switching (Natural Gas) Production curtailment (reduction). III.Relocate plant 2.Reduce emissions by process change Switching fuel: coal  natural gas, improve air quality. 3.Use a down stream pollution control devices

25/04/2007INGAS Fossil Fuel Emission Levels (Pounds per Billion Btu of Energy Input) Pollutant Natural Gas OilCoal Carbon Dioxide117,000164,000208,000 Carbon Monoxide Nitrogen Oxides Sulfur Dioxide11,1222,591 Particulates7842,744 Mercury Source: EIA - Natural Gas Issues and Trends 1998

25/04/2007INGAS Study Area and Measured Pollutants The air pollution data used in this study has been collected during from the urban city of Istanbul (40°N, 29°E). The monitoring locations are: Beşiktaş, Esenler, Kartal, Saraçhane, Sarıyer, Ümraniye, Yenibosna, Üsküdar and Kadıköy

25/04/2007INGAS The locations of sampling stations

25/04/2007INGAS 20079

25/04/2007INGAS Source: Ozturk H.K., 2005

25/04/2007INGAS Yearly total natural gas consumption (m 3 /month) in Istanbul

25/04/2007INGAS Annual averages concentrations (μg/m 3 ) of air pollutants in Istanbul air YearSO 2 PMCONONO X NO 2 THCCH 4 nMHCO3O Average

25/04/2007INGAS Average daily emission limits of some criteria pollutants Criteria Pollutants/ Standard SO 2 PM 10 Turkish Environmental Standard WHO EPA EU Source:

25/04/2007INGAS Correlation table for air pollution data. SO 2 PMCONONO X NO 2 THCCH 4 nMHCO3O3 SO PM CO NO NO X NO THC CH nMHC

25/04/2007INGAS Winter time concentrations of air pollutants between 1995 and 2001

25/04/2007INGAS Wintertime SO2 levels distribution over Istanbul city.

25/04/2007INGAS Summertime SO2 levels distribution over Istanbul city.

25/04/2007INGAS Conclusions Mounting energy consumption and automobile ownership have increased air pollution. Turkey continues to develop its economy, the problem likely will intensify unless preventive actions are undertaken. The careful analysis of the air quality over Istanbul city during the past two decades indicates a significant decrease in some air pollutants like, SO 2, and ozone.

25/04/2007INGAS The main reason of this significant decrease was that the conventional fuels (low quality coal and fuel oil), which has high sulfur contents has been slowly replaced by natural gas which has nearly no SO 2 emissions. This may be the most significant evidence about the efforts done by İGDAŞ-IBB However, some other pollutants like NO, NO 2, NOx, nMHC,etc. have not changed significantly.

25/04/2007INGAS Acknowledgments Authors are gratefully acknowledged to Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality (IBB) and “for providing air pollution data and for İGDAŞ for providing natural gas consumption data.

25/04/2007INGAS Thany you....