Sickle Cell Inheritance Exploring Genetics and Probability

What is sickle cell? Sickle cell is a genetic condition that causes the red protein in blood (hemoglobin) to make the blood cells rigid and pointy. The gene for sickle trait is spread throughout the world. It was most common in the areas where there was a lot of malaria because sickle trait actually helps people survive malaria.

What is sickle trait? In order to inherit anything from your parents, you get one gene from each parent. The way sickle cell disease occurs is if you get a sickle gene from both your parents. If you only get one sickle gene and your other gene is normal, you have sickle trait.

Health Benefit of Sickle Trait Protects against risk of death from malaria infection. Malaria kills thousands of kids a year. Note: only sickle trait gives protection against the deadly strains of malaria

More on Malaria Caused by a parasite that can live in mosquitoes Parasites infect red blood cells Symptoms include fever, vomiting, headache Can cut off blood supply to vital organs Different strains of malaria, some are deadly Children are very susceptible to dying of malaria

Myth vs Reality Myth: Only African Americans get sickle cell. Reality: Sickle cell affects people of all different racial and ethnic backgrounds. African, Arabian, Israeli, Turkish, Pakistani Greek, Hispanic, Italian Blond hair/blue eyed children of Northern Europe One case in Hong Kong!

Where do people have sickle cell? Highest frequency in Sub-Saharan Africa Also prevalent across the US, on the Atlantic side of Central and South America, the Caribbean, Europe, North and Central Africa, the Middle East and South Asia.

Map from Dr. Lewis Hsu, MD, PhD, Professor of Pediatrics, Director of Pediatric Sickle Cell, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL

Inheriting a sickle gene This is a genetic condition, so whether somebody gets sickle cell disease or sickle trait depends completely on what genes you get from your parents.

A S – Sickle trait S S – Sickle Cell Disease A A – Normal The Inheritance Game A S – Sickle trait S S – Sickle Cell Disease A A – Normal

A A A S S S A S A S Modeling inheritance Mother’s genes Sickle trait Normal A S Sickle trait S S Sickle cell disease Father’s genes

Acknowledgements Adapted from ideas by Camille Coleman, Genetic Counselor, Marian Anderson Comprehensive Sickle Cell Center, St. Christopher’s Hospital for Children, Philadelphia, PA Lewis Hsu, MD, PhD, Professor of Pediatrics, Director of Pediatric Sickle Cell, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL Rebecca Hui, 4th Grade Teacher, St. Frances of Rome School, Chicago, IL

References and Related Resources Center for Disease Control Sickle Cell Information Center