1. SICKLE CELL ANEMIA
Omar and Yassin

2. DEFINITION
Sickle cell disease is an inherited blood disorder that is caused by the presence of a mutation in the gene that encodes for the protein, hemoglobin, which carries oxygen to the tissues.

3. The Normal Hemoglobin Structure
Consists of four protein subunits:
Two subunits of beta-globin
Two subunits of alpha-globin.
Each of the four protein subunits carries an iron-containing molecule called heme.
Heme molecules are necessary for red blood cells to pick up oxygen in the lungs and deliver it to cells throughout the body
The HBB gene, located on chromosome 11, provides instructions for making a protein called beta-globin.

4. Hemoglobin in Sickle Cell
People with this disorder have atypical hemoglobin molecules called hemoglobin S, which can distort red blood cells into a sickle, or crescent, shape.
They sick together forming long fibers or rods which are stiffer while travelling through the blood vessels.
Tissue that does not receive a normal blood flow eventually becomes damaged

6. Types of Sickle Cell Disease
Sickle Cell Anemia (SS)
Most Common
Sickle-Hemoglobin C Disease (SC)
Sickle Beta-Plus Thalassemia
Sickle Beta-Zero Thalassemia

7. Causes Mutation in the HBB gene on chromosome 11
In sickle cell, the code inside both beta globin genes is different.
Instead of containing the letters G-A-G, the code reads G-T-G.
The new G-T-G code puts valine instead of the usual glutamate amino acid into the protein.

8. Inheritance of Sickle Cell
This condition is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern, which means both copies of the gene in each cell have mutations.
The parents of an individual with an autosomal recessive condition each carry one copy of the mutated gene, their body makes both sickle hemoglobin and normal hemoglobin, but they typically do not show signs and symptoms of the condition.

9. Example of Inheritance for Sickle Cell Trait.

10. SYMPTOMS Do not occur until after the age of 4 months.
Blocked blood vessels  painful episodes called crises. May need hospitalization.
Blocked blood vessels  Lung, Spleen, Heart damage.
Anemia  Fatigue, rapid heart rate, yellowing of eyes, shortness of breath.

11. Diagnosis
Hemoglobin Electrophoresis is used to screen for sickle cell disease at birth.
This test uses a sample of blood from infant and determines what types of hemoglobin are present

12. Hemoglobin Electrophoresis
Two different types of Hemoglobin are present:
-The A type (normal) The S type (sickle)
A carrier makes both types.
A person with sickle-cell will have the S-type
A normal person will only have the A-type

13. Prenatal Diagnosis
Diagnosis before birth is done by a method called amniocentesis:
Take a sample of amniotic fluid (fluid surrounding baby) or tissue taken from the placenta (organ that attaches the umbilical cord to the mother's womb) and test it for sickle hemoglobin gene rather than abnormal hemoglobin
Testing before birth can be done as early as 10 weeks into the pregnancy.

14. Genetic Counseling
Individuals who test positive should be informed about the implications for their health and family planning.
SCT counseling has two components: education and decision-making.
For the first group, the focus is on education, that is, to enable individuals to make informed decisions, in their own interest, about future family planning.
For the second group, the focus is on education and informed decisions, in their best interest, about the current pregnancy.
Counseling should be done by geneticists, master’s degree genetic counselors, social workers, and psychologists.

15. TREATMENT GOALS Prevent infections, organ damage and strokes.
Relieve pain
Prevent infections, organ damage and strokes.
Control Complications

16. Treatment Blood and marrow stem cell transplant
May offer a cure for a small number of people.
Medicines and Fluids
For treatment of pain.
Hydroxyurea
Prompts your body to make fetal hemoglobin which in sickle cell, helps prevent red blood cells from sickling and improves anemia.
Blood transfusion
Reducing recurrent pain crises, risk of stroke and other complications by removing excess iron from body.
Antibiotics + Vaccinations
Treat infections that resulted from complications.

17. Who Is at Risk for Sickle Cell Anemia?
Sickle cell anemia is most common in people whose families come from Africa, South or Central America (especially Panama), Caribbean islands, Mediterranean countries (such as Turkey, Greece, and Italy), India, and Saudi Arabia.
In 2013, sickle cell disease resulted in 176,000 deaths up from 113,000 deaths in 1990.
Occurs in about 1 out of every 500 African American births.
Also affects Hispanic Americans. Occurs in more than 1 out of every 36,000 Hispanic American births.
More than 2 million Americans have sickle cell trait. The condition occurs in about 1 in 12 African Americans.

19. References
"Your genes and Your health." cold spring harbor laboratory. N.p., n.d. Web. 8 June <
 "NCBI." National Center for biotechnology information. N.p., n.d. Web. 8 June <  
  "SCDAA." Sickle Cell Disease. N.p., n.d. Web. 8 June <
"American Sickle Cell Anemia Association." Ascaa. N.p., n.d. Web. 8 June <
"Genetics Home Reference." Ghr. N.p., n.d. Web. 8 June <