Types of Polymers and reactions Formations and linkages

What are polymers? Alkene molecules have the ability to add onto one another and produce large molecules these are polymers. Therefore what are monomers? The process of these large molecules forming is termed addition polymerisation. NOTE POLYMERISATION IS NOT RESTRICTED TO CARBON-CARBON DOUBLE BOND COMPOUNDS.

TYPES Condensation polymers eg. Polyester, polyamides, proteins Polysaccharides Disaccharides Monosaccharide

Condensation Polymers This is the process where molecules that have functional groups either end undergo a condensation reaction with another molecule and its functional group and as a result a ester is formed. The process condensation polymerisation and the polymer is condensation polymer.

Polyesters Please explain how polyesters are formed and give a example, make sure you use appropriate terminology in your explanation. (time limit 8-10min)

Polyamides Are condensation polymers where monomers join by amide links these are similar to polyesters in that they can form homopolymers and copolymers. What is meant by homopolymers and copolymers? And what is the difference between functional groups in these polymers?

Proteins Proteins are high molecular mass copolymers made from condensation polymerisation between amino acids monomers. There are 20 different monomers proteins can be constructed from so these make up a large number of proteins. What are the four structural features in proteins that the amino acids have in common?

The protein polymer To form peptide linkages two amino acids link together. One alpha amino acid reacts its NH₂ group with the other amino acids COOH group forming the link CO-NH. If we have a smaller number of monomers linked together than having a complete protein we call these polypeptides. Obviously if we have two monomers linked together this is called a dipeptide. 6d11fe&isbn= &fp=1&sectionNo=0&cookie=0 6d11fe&isbn= &fp=1&sectionNo=0&cookie=0 6d11fe&isbn= &fp=1&sectionNo=0&cookie=0 6d11fe&isbn= &fp=1&sectionNo=0&cookie=0

Summary of peptide linkage

Polysaccharides Or known as carbohydrates/sugars, the simplest form of these are monosaccharides if we have two of these sugars bonded together these are disaccharides. Oligosaccharides are when we have 3 up to 10 mono’s per molecule Polysaccharides is when we have 10 to thousands of mono’s

Monosaccharides These are linked together by a C-O-C known as a ether linkage or glycosidic bond. =019235b40e6d11fe&isbn= &fp=1 &sectionNo=0&cookie=0 =019235b40e6d11fe&isbn= &fp=1 &sectionNo=0&cookie=0 Also please refer to page 230 figure 7.45

Polysaccharides The three main polysaccharides that you will need to know are glycogen, starch and cellulose. These each differ from each other in relation to their ether linkages the amount of branches in their polymer chains and the degree of polymeristion.

Fractional distillation =019235b40e6d11fe&isbn= &fp=1 &sectionNo=0&cookie=0 =019235b40e6d11fe&isbn= &fp=1 &sectionNo=0&cookie=0 Read pages Pre-treatment Atmospheric distillation Vacuum distillation cracking

Questions Ex 7.4 all Ex 7.5 Q3,4,5,6 Ex 7.6 Q1,3 Review Q5,6