Orientation to the Human Body  Anatomy and Physiology: Definitions  Levels of Organization in A & P  Organ Systems and Necessary Life Functions  Homeostasis  Anatomical Position  Body Planes and Sections  Regional Terms: Cavities and Abdomen

Defininitions  Anatomy The study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts  Physiology The study of how the body and its parts work or function

Levels of Structural Organization 1. Atomic 2. Molecular3. Organelle 4. Cellular 5. Tissue 6. Organ7. Organ system 8. Whole organism

Orientation to the Human Body  Anatomy and Physiology: Definitions  Levels of Organization in A & P  Organ Systems and Necessary Life Functions  Homeostasis  Anatomical Position  Body Planes and Sections  Regional Terms: Cavities and Abdomen

Organ System Overview  Integumentary (Skin) Forms the external body covering Protects deeper tissue from injury (heat, sunlight, chemicals) and infection Synthesizes vitamin D Location of cutaneous nerve receptors Waterproof, keeps insides wet

Organ System Overview  Skeletal Protects and supports body organs (e.g. the brain) Provides muscle attachment (anchoring framework)for movement Site of blood cell formation Stores minerals (e.g. calcium)

Organ System Overview  Muscular Allows for locomotion Maintains posture Provides for some organ functions Produces heat Necessary Life function: movement

Organ System Overview  Nervous Fast-acting control system, focused, and transient signaling Responds to internal and external change Activates muscles and glands Necessary Life function: Ability to sense changes and react (responsiveness)

Organ System Overview  Endocrine Secretes regulatory hormones  Growth  Reproduction  Metabolism Slower, longer lasting, and broader signaling Necessary life function: ability to react (responsiveness)

Organ Systems  Cardiovascular Transports materials in body via blood pumped by heart  Oxygen  Carbon dioxide  Nutrients  Wastes Certain blood cells defend the body from microbes Necessary Life function: delivery of nutrients

Organ Systems  Lymphatic Returns fluids to blood vessels Disposes of debris Involved in immunity (body defense)

Organ Systems  Respiratory Keeps blood supplied with oxygen Removes carbon dioxide Regulates the pH of the blood Gas exchange system

Organ Systems  Digestive Breaks down food Allows for nutrient absorption into blood Eliminates indigestible material Necessary Life function: break-down of nutrients Figure 1.2i

Organ Systems  Urinary (Excretory) Eliminates nitrogenous wastes Maintains acid – base balance Regulates water and electrolytes Necessary life function: elimination of waste from metabolic reactions Figure 1.2j

Organ Systems  Reproductive Production of offspring Necessary Life Function: Making more individuals Figure 1.2k

Other Necessary Life Processes and Functions  Metabolism – chemical reactions within the body (performed by all cells) Production of energy Making body structures  Growth (performed by most cells) Increasing of cell size and number

Orientation to the Human Body  Anatomy and Physiology: Definitions  Levels of Organization in A & P  Organ Systems and Necessary Life Functions  Homeostasis  Anatomical Position  Body Planes and Sections  Regional Terms: Cavities and Abdomen

Homeostasis  Maintenance of a stable internal environment = a dynamic state of equilibrium

Feedback Mechanisms  Example of Negative feedback 2. RECEPTOR and Low blood glucose 6. In response to high blood glucose, this system delivers NEGATIVE FEEDBACK

Feedback Mechanisms  Examples of Positive feedback Increasing levels of estrodiol (estrogen) and progesterone from ovary increase signal chemical output (LH and FSH) Suckling and baby’s cries further increase the “let down” of milk from the mammary glands

Orientation to the Human Body  Anatomy and Physiology: Definitions  Levels of Organization in A & P  Organ Systems and Necessary Life Functions  Homeostasis  Anatomical Position and Language  Body Planes and Sections  Regional Terms: Cavities and Abdomen

The Language of Anatomy  Special terminology is used to prevent misunderstanding  Exact terms are used for: Position Direction Regions Structures

Orientation and Directional Terms Table 1.1

Orientation and Directional Terms Table 1.1 (cont) Distal Far from the point of. attachment, at a “distance” The wrist is distal to the elbow Superficial Towards the surface or outer layer The nipple is superficial to the milk-producing glands Deep Away from the surface, inner layer The heart is deep to the breastbone

What are the adjectives that refer to these parts of the body?

Orientation to the Human Body  Anatomy and Physiology: Definitions  Levels of Organization in A & P  Organ Systems and Necessary Life Functions  Homeostasis  Anatomical Position  Body Planes and Sections  Regional Terms: Cavities and Abdomen

Body Planes (a) Sagittal (longitudinal); If down midline is midsagittal or medial

Cavities of the Human Body Two subcavities in dorsal (posterior) Two-three subcavities in ventral (anterior)

What are the Quadrants and the 8 Divisions of the Anterior Abdomen?

Summary  Anatomy and Physiology: Definitions  Levels of Organization in A & P  Organ Systems and Necessary Life Functions  Homeostasis  Anatomical Position  Body Planes and Sections  Regional Terms: Cavities and Abdomen