1. Chapter 45 The Human Body

2. Your job……
In the upcoming slides move the words to the appropriate blank areas.
Example- This is an presentation
amazing

3. I. The Human Body – An Orientation
A. Anatomy – study of the and
of the body and its parts.
B. Physiology – study of the body and its parts or
function
work
structure
how
shape

4. II. Anatomy – Levels of Study
A. Gross Anatomy
B. Microscopic Anatomy

5. Gross Anatomy- study of the, , structures and parts of a body that are to the naked eye. Also called macroscopic anatomy.
Large
Easily observable
visible
structures
organs

6. Microscopic Anatomy-the study of microscopic structures of and
Very small structures
Can only be viewed with a
organs
microscope
tissues

7. III. Levels of Structural Organization
A. The levels of structural organization
Six
Organ System
Cells
Organ
Chemical/Molecular
Organism
Tissue

8. Levels of Structural Organization

9. B. How the Levels of Organization are Functionally Connected
An aggregation of similarly
which together perform certain special functions are a .
2. A group of tissues that perform a or group of functions are an .
3. A group of organs that to perform a complex function are an .
specific function
Tissue
work together
Organ
Organ System
specialized cells

10. IV. Body Tissues composed of contractile cells for movement.
contains cells that receive and transmit messages.
consists of layers of cells that line or cover all internal and external body surfaces.
characterized by cells that are embedded in large amounts of an intercellular substance called matrix.
Connective Tissue-
Epithelial Tissue-
Muscle Tissue-
Nervous Tissue-

12. E. Types of Muscle Tissue
1. Skeletal Muscle- muscle that powers movement of the in your trunk, limbs, and . (Striated, Multinucleated) 2. Smooth Muscle- surrounds and internal organs, such as the stomach, intestine, and bladder. (Un-striated, uninucleated) 3. Muscle- found only in the heart. (Striated, uninucleated)
blood vessels
hollow
face
Cardiac
bones

15. V. Body Cavities Cavity 1. 2. B. Cavity 3. Spinal or Vertebral Dorsal
Thoracic
Abdominal
Ventral
Cranial
Pelvic

19. Organ System Overview Skeletal Protects and supports body organs
Provides muscle attachment to bones for movement
Site of blood cell formation
Stores minerals

20. Organ System Overview Muscular Allows locomotion Maintains posture
Produces heat
Moves substances through body

21. Organ System Overview Integumentary Forms the external body covering
Protects deeper tissue from injury and drying out
Synthesizes vitamin D
Location of cutaneous nerve receptors

23. Organ System Overview Cardiovascular
Transports materials in body via blood pumped by heart
Oxygen
Carbon dioxide
Nutrients
Wastes

24. Organ System Overview Respiratory Keeps blood supplied with oxygen
Removes carbon dioxide

25. Organ System Overview Immune
Lymph nodes, lymph vessels and white blood cells
Returns fluids to blood vessels
Disposes of debris
Involved in immunity- destroys bacteria and tumor cells

26. Organ System Overview Digestive Breaks down food
Allows for nutrient absorption into blood
Eliminates indigestible material

27. Organ System Overview Excretory Eliminates nitrogenous wastes
Maintains acid – base balance
Regulation of materials
Water
Electrolytes

28. Organ System Overview Nervous Fast-acting control system
Responds to internal and external change
Activates muscles and glands

29. Organ System Overview Endocrine Secretes regulatory hormones Growth
Reproduction
Metabolism

30. Organ System Overview
Reproductive
Production of offspring

32. Necessary Life Functions
Maintain Boundaries- keeps the body’s internal environment distinct from the external environment- the skin and membranes
Movement
Locomotion
Movement of substances
Responsiveness
Ability to sense changes and react
Digestion
Break-down and delivery of nutrients

33. Necessary Life Functions
Metabolism – all chemical reactions within the body
Production of energy
Making body structures
Excretion
Elimination of waste from metabolic reactions

34. Necessary Life Functions
Reproduction
Production of future generation
Provides new cells for growth and repair
Growth
Increasing of cell size and number

35. Survival Needs Nutrients Oxygen Chemicals for energy and cell building
Includes carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, and minerals
Oxygen
Required for chemical reactions

36. Survival Needs Water Stable body temperature
60–80% of body weight
Provides for metabolic reaction
Stable body temperature
Atmospheric pressure must be appropriate

37. Homeostasis
Maintenance of a stable internal environment = a dynamic state of equilibrium
Homeostasis must be maintained for normal body functioning and to sustain life
Homeostatic imbalance – a disturbance in homeostasis resulting in disease

38. Maintaining Homeostasis
The body communicates through neural and hormonal control systems
Receptor
Responds to changes in the environment (stimuli)
Sends information to control center

39. Maintaining Homeostasis
Control center
Determines set point
Analyzes information
Determines appropriate response
Effector
Provides a means for response to the stimulus

41. Feedback Mechanisms Negative feedback
Includes most homeostatic control mechanisms
Shuts off the original stimulus, or reduces its intensity
Works like a household thermostat

43. Feedback Mechanisms Positive feedback
Increases the original stimulus to push the variable farther
In the body this only occurs in blood clotting and birth of a baby

45. The Language of Anatomy
Special terminology is used to prevent misunderstanding
Exact terms are used for:
Position
Direction
Regions
Structures

46. Orientation and Directional Terms
Table 1.1

47. Orientation and Directional Terms

48. Body
Landmarks
Anterior

49. Body Landmarks
Posterior

50. Body Planes

51. S0ME OF THE MAJOR ORGANS IN THE HUMAN BODY
THE BRAIN
THE LUNGS
THE LIVER
THE STOMACH
THE BLADDER
NEXT

52. Abdominopelvic
Quadrants

53. Abdominopelvic
Major Organs

55. Do body systems work alone or do they work with other systems to function properly?
How many system interactions can you come up with?