Genus: Trichomonas 1-Trichomonas hominsi : inhabits the large intestine. 2-Trichomonas tenax: commensal and inhabits the mouth. 3-Trichomonas vaginalis: pathogenic and inhabit the urogenital tract.

General features 1-has a trophic stage only (no cystic stage). 2-morphology: 3-multiplies by longitudinal binary fission. 4-It inhabits the cavities of the body. 5-It is host specific, (i.e if present in man, not present in in other animals) and habitat specific (i.e if present in GIT, not present in other system).

Trichomonas vaginalis -T. vaginalis inhabits the urogenital system of males and females. -In females , it inhabits the vagina, cervix, skene’s gland, anterior urethra and rarely bladder. -In males, it inhabits the urethra, and rarely prostate and epidedimis.

Pathology and pathogenesis -Factors important in growth of T. vaginalis: 1-presence of glycogen in vaginal epithelial cells. 2-pH of vagina (optimal pH for growth of T. vaginalis is 5.5) -Incidence of infection with T. vaginalis: 1-age. 2-sex.

Transmission 1-direct sexual intercourse, or 2-indirectly by using contaminated towels, toilet seat, or vaginal speculum during vaginal examination. 3-through mother’s birth canal and infect the newborn child.

Clinical finding -Infection of female (trichomonas vaginitis, trichomoniaisis) 1-acute. 2-chronic. 3-asymptomatic

Laboratory diagnosis I-Direct (microscopic): specimens are: a-from female: vaginal discharge, vaginal smear and sedimented urine. b-from male: sedeminted urine, urethral discharge, prostatic secretion and seminal fluid.

1-Fresh (wet) preparation: to see the motile trophozoites. 2-Dried fix preparation: (permenant stained preparation). -Stained by Giemsa or Leishman’s stains. 3-Wet fixed preparation: Papanicolaou smear. II-Indirect: by serological test as IFAT, ELISA, latex agglutination test. Treatment Metronidazole (orally or vaginally)

Hemoflagellates (blood and tissue flagellates) *Morphological forms of hemoflagellates 1-Amastigote form 2-Promastigote form 3-Epimastigote form 4-Trypomastigote form Genus Leishmania 1-Cutaneous Leishmaniasis or oriented sore. 2-Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis or Espondia 3-Visceral Leishmaniasis or Kala-azar