1. TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS.,
TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS.

2. CONTENTS; 1.Classifiction and Morphology. 2.Habitat. 3.Epidemiology.
4.Pathology.
5.Symptomatology.
6.Complication
7.Diagnosis.
8.Treatment.
9.Control.

3. Trichomonas vaginalis
Classification and Morphology;
Domain: Eukarya
Phylum: Metamonada
Class: Parabasalia
Order: Trichomonadida
Genus: Trichomonas
Species: T. vaginalis
Binomial name Trichomonas vaginalis

4. Exists only in the trophozoite stage
Size: on average: 13µm x 7µm
Undulating membrane and axostyle present
Nuclear chromatin uniformly distributed
Cytoplasm contains numerous granules esp. around the costa and axostyle
Cystostome is present.

5. Life cycle .

6. Habitat
Vagina and prostate gland. In the female, T. vaginalis feeds on mucosal surface of the vagina ingesting bacteria and leukocytes.
In the male it feeds on prostatic mucosal surface
In both males and females, T. vaginalis can parasitize the urethra.
It reproduces by binary fission.

7. Epidemiology Worldwide
Transmitted as trophozoite during sexual intercourse
Peak incidence of vaginal trichomoniasis occurs between 16 and 35 years – which is the period of greatest sexual activity.
In general, the incidence is about 25%.
Highest incidence in populations at high risk for other venereal diseases.

8. Epid. Cont’d.
Trophozoites rapidly die a temperature above 40ºC, drying, or direct sunlight, and they also die in minutes in water
Can survive on wet sponges for several hours and in urine for 24 hours.
Thus non-venereal transmission between adults could occur through communal bathing.

9. Epid.cont’d.
Trichomoniasis is possibly the most common sexually-transmitted disease and higher prevalence occurs among persons with multiple sexual partners or other STDs.

10. Pathology In females: In the male:
Vaginal discharge: profuse, burning, itchy, irritating
Vaginal mucosa hyperaemic with puntate lesions
Frequency of micturition
Dysuria.
In the male:
Often asymptomatic but in case of symptoms:
Urethral discharge
Prostatic and/or prostatic enlargement
Inflammation of seminal vesicles
Dysuria
Epididymitis

11. Symptomatology IP = 4-28 days
Vaginal discharge which is itchy, profuse, frothy, yellowish-green, and fould-smelling
Vulvar and vaginal pruritus can start acutely
Dysuria in 20% of women
Postpartum endometritis
90% of patients have cervical erosions and this could predispose to carcinoma of cervix.

12. Symptoms cont’d. In males:
Often asymptomatic but prostatitis can occur
Irritating and persistent or recurring urethritis.

13. Complication.
-Some of the complications of trichomonas vaginalis in women include; (a)preterm delivery. (b)low birth weight. (c)increased mortality rate as well predisposing to HIV and cervical cancer. (d)recent research also suggest a link between T.vaginalis infection in male and subsequently aggressive prostate cancer.

14. Diagnosis
Examination of vaginal secretiions, vaginal scrapings(papnicolaous smear), and urine sediments for trophozoites.
In the male: examination of urine and prostatic secretions obtained by prostatic massage
In both females and males, serology can be done.

15. Treatment
Metronidazole 400 mg tds for 7 days (NB: treat both sexual partners).
Tinidazole 2 g single dose and is less expensive than metronidazole.
Clotrimazole 100 mg intravaginally at night for 7 days: relieves symptoms but treatment failure is high.

16. Control Treat the sexual partner Use of condom
Use of spermicide: nonoxynol 9 possesses significant trichomonal properties.
Health education.

17. Other flagellates
Trichomonas tenax (T. buccalis) found in pyorrheal pockets and tonsillar crypts.
Trichomonas hominis – in the intestines.
Enteromonas hominis – in the intestines
Retortamonas intestinalis
Chilomastix mesnili.

18. THANK YOU HAVE A GOOD DAY.