Copyright 2010, The World Bank Group. All Rights Reserved. Energy statistics, part 2 Production and use of energy 1 Business statistics and registers

Copyright 2010, The World Bank Group. All Rights Reserved. Peculiarity of energy statistics Energy statistics have characteristics which are shared only in part by some other branches of economic data The energy industries supply their main output to every single other industry as well as to all categories of final consumer The characteristics of the output of the energy industry are very heterogeneous; they include solids, liquids, gases and electricity Energy commodities differ greatly in the ease with which they can be stocked, transported, controlled and used They can be transformed between and substituted to each other 2

Copyright 2010, The World Bank Group. All Rights Reserved. Conceptual problems Energy statistics have much in common with national accounts There may not be an obvious and only right answer on how to measure a quantity or how to add together two or more stocks or flows There is often a need to adopt a convention on how to resolve a problem 3

Copyright 2010, The World Bank Group. All Rights Reserved. Measurement problems Fact in energy statistics are not always readily determinable Some facts can be measured in a straightforward manner, e.g. the quantity of coal produced However, energy statistics have to express energy in a common unit of measurement, which requires conversions Conversions may be difficult and to some extent subjective An area of intensified statistical activity is the use of energy according to purpose and energy savings Regular surveys of appliance ownership are conducted in some countries Fuel savings studies are difficult and costly 4

Copyright 2010, The World Bank Group. All Rights Reserved. Data sources Energy and electricity data come from three sources:  Energy industry  Other industries ("self-producers")  Consumers 5

Copyright 2010, The World Bank Group. All Rights Reserved. Energy industries In a narrow sense the energy industries are producers and distributors of electricity and gas In a broader sense the producers of and traders in energy commodities also belong to the energy sector By far the majority of energy data collected will come from such organizations The degree to which the government is involved in the industries will have a significant effect on both the ease with which data may be collected, and the range of data that will be considered reasonable to collect 6

Copyright 2010, The World Bank Group. All Rights Reserved. Own produced electricity Many manufacturing industries produce electricity as a secondary product Much of this "own produced" electricity is used within the industries where it is produced, but some is also sold to the public electricity supply industry In some industries, both in developed and in developing countries, steam or heat is generated by burning the waste products of the manufacturing process. 7

Copyright 2010, The World Bank Group. All Rights Reserved. Energy consumers The third general source of data is the final energy consumer The consumer will often not have all the information considered most important Unfortunately it is difficult to implement the energy surveys to obtain data in this way Construction of the sample requires a reliable sampling frame Surveys of energy consumers may nevertheless be useful or even necessary 8

Copyright 2010, The World Bank Group. All Rights Reserved. Intermediate data sources Energy data originate from the sources described previously The energy statistics compiler, however, often has no direct contact with these original sources Data is often obtained from e.g. organizations with responsibility or oversight for the production or distribution of particular fuels At first sight this makes the burden less, by reducing the number of sources to a few, but there may still be a need to raise queries direct with different components of the industry 9

Copyright 2010, The World Bank Group. All Rights Reserved. Intermediate data sources Where there is a central energy ministry, agreement has to be reached on the responsibility for the collection of data on self-generated electricity The actual sources of oil and gas data may similarly be other government bodies When the production of oil or gas is divided between the government and the private sector, response problems may occur 10

Copyright 2010, The World Bank Group. All Rights Reserved. Data collection The strategy for energy statistics compilation should be designed to reflect the costs and benefits involved in the collection of data from different sources First there should be a program for maintaining and developing the data obtained regularly from energy supply industries Second, there should be a separate program designed to cover those industrial and other organizations that are engaged in supplying energy as a secondary activity Third, data about energy consumption are normally collected through business surveys in all industries, and from household surveys, particularly Household Income and Expenditure Surveys 11

Copyright 2010, The World Bank Group. All Rights Reserved. Summation problem National and international agencies have been elaborating mathematical models of the energy supply and use system It is increasingly important to be able to compare the results of different investigations and assessments Assumptions may differ but the basic data and conventions should in principle be common This is not only so for internal consistency within any one supply and use account for any one particular source of energy, but also for consistency between different fuel accounts 12

Copyright 2010, The World Bank Group. All Rights Reserved. Summation problem There is also the need for consistency through time in the data for any one country and between countries All sources of energy are substitutable to some degree over a wide range of uses An overall accounting framework is needed, using a single accounting unit This summation problem is one of the challenges of energy statistics 13

Copyright 2010, The World Bank Group. All Rights Reserved. Energy balances An overall energy balance shows in a coherent accounting framework the stocks and flows of all forms of energy from their origins through to final uses Compilation of an overall energy balance is a test of consistency In relatively uncomplicated statistical systems, a condensed form of the overall energy balance can be achieved 14

Copyright 2010, The World Bank Group. All Rights Reserved. Energy indicators The International Energy Agency (IEA) uses the following principal indicators for energy at the national level: – Energy Production (Mtoe) – Net Imports (Mtoe) – Electricity Consumption (TWh) – CO 2 Emissions (Million tons of CO 2 ) – Total Primary Energy Supply (TPES) – Electricity Consumption / Population (kWh/capita) – CO 2 /TPES (tons CO 2 /toe) 15