Exploration & Discovery The search for spices, new trade routes and new lands all in the name of Gold, God, and Glory!!!

Europeans Explore the Seas Trade had long been occurring before the Renaissance Crusades brought luxury goods from Asia Under the Mongol empire (1200s & 1300s) land routes brought goods from Asia. Black Death and break up of Mongol empire disrupted trade

Why do you think European Explorers sought new trade routes? s Muslim & Italian merchants controlled trade between Asia and Europe 2. Wanted to gain direct access to the riches of Asia 3. Voyagers still fired up by the Crusades against Muslims 4. Renaissance spirit: desire to learn

New & Improved Technologies Cartographers developed more accurate maps and sea charts Astrolabe: an instrument used to determine latitude at sea. New sails & rigging Added cannons and more weapons for protection

Henry the Navigator (1394 – 1460) Gold, God, and Glory Gathered experts to redesign ships, maps, and trained captains & crews Exploration of Western African coast in search of a route to Asia. Cape of Good Hope

Vasco da Gama (1497) Led 4 ships around Cape of Good Hope 10 month journey to spice port of Calicut on west coast of India. Lost half his ships on journey home Sailors died of hunger, thirst, & scurvy Made a 3000% profit 1502 forced treaty on Calicut; seized key ports on Indian ocean; created a vast trading empire First example of colonization

Columbus Sails to the West Italian navigator Sought Portuguese support for westward route to Indies-- Spain financed his first voyage in 1492 October 12 reached land; thought he had reached the Indies; where had he landed instead? Returned to Spain a hero in 1493

Ferdinand Magellan Sought passage west to the Pacific Backed by Spain November 1520; the southern tip of South America—Strait of Magellan March 1521 Reached the Philippines Magellan is killed but September 8, 1522 survivors reached Seville and became known as first people to circumnavigate the world

James Cook 1770 Claimed Australia for Great Britain Became a penal colony Samuel de Champlain 1608 he founded first permanent French settlement in Quebec

Zheng He From China 1405 commanded first of 7 expeditions Goal: to promote trade and collect tribute from lesser powers across “western seas” Explored coasts of Southeast Asia, India, the entrances of the Red Sea and Persian Gulf. After his death in 1433 the emperor banned the building of ships Discussion Question: how might the course of history changed if the Chinese had continued the explorations?

Columbian Exchange A Global Exchange People, plants, animals, and technology as well as disease. New Foods From Americas: tomatoes, pumpkins, and peppers; potatoes and corn become staples in Europe. Why? From Europe: wheat, grapes From Africa & Asia: bananas and sugar cane New Animals From Europe: cattle, pigs, goats, & chickens; horses & donkeys

Columbian Exchange cont. Population explosion by 1700s sparked migration of millions of people. Europeans settled in the Americas, on the fringes of Asia & Africa Atlantic slave trade forcibly brought Africans to the Americas

Columbian Exchange Cont. Commercial Revolution Prices rose in Europe leading to inflation Growth of European capitalism Bypassing Guilds Led companies to find other methods to increase production of goods “putting-out”; merchants distributed materials to peasant cottages New business methods Bookkeeping Banks: allowed merchants to lend money at interest