Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space. Matter is composed of very small particles called atoms. In nature, there are 92 different forms of matter that we call elements. Vocabulary—atom, element, compound

3  The nucleus contains positively charged protons and uncharged neutrons.  The electron cloud is composed of negatively charged electrons. Structure and Bonding The Periodic Table

4 Figure 1.2 A periodic table of the common elements seen in organic chemistry

Element-- A chemical element is the simplest form of a substance. One type of atom with a specific # of protons = an element. There are 11 elements which make up most living things. The most abundant element in the human body is oxygen. The second most abundant element in the human body is carbon, and in third place is hydrogen. Together, these three elements make up 92% of a human being.

You are expected to memorize the symbols for 6 of the 11 elements that make up most living things: CHNOPS ElementSymbol CarbonC HydrogenH OxygenO

You are expected to memorize the symbols for 6 of the 11 elements that make up most living things: CHNOPS ElementSymbol NitrogenN SulfurS PhosphorusP

You are expected to memorize the symbols for 6 of the 11 elements that make up most living things: CHNOPS ElementSymbol PotassiumK CalciumCa SodiumNa

You are expected to memorize the symbols for the 6 of the 11 elements that make up most living things: CHNOPS Shade these 6 elements on your periodic table in pencil ElementSymbol ChlorineCl MagnesiumMg

Atoms combine together to form most of the substances we observe in the world around us. properties Compounds are formed when the atoms of two or more elements are chemically joined together to form a new substance with very different properties than the elements of which it is formed.

oThe smallest piece of a compound is called a molecule oWater is an example of a compound. It is composed of an atom of oxygen chemically “glued” (bonded) to two atoms of hydrogen. Each of these H 2 O units is called a molecule. Compounds, continued…

Inorganic compounds are also important to living things. They DO NOT contain carbon. Some examples include: water (formula: H 2 O) salt (formula: NaCl) CO 2 is inorganic but contains carbon Simple Chemistry Clip

Glucose C 6 H 12 O 6 Organic Inorganic Vinegar CH 3 COOH Methane CH 4 Ethanol CH 3 CH 2 OH Sucrose (Table Sugar) C 12 H 22 O 11 Vitamin B-12 C 63 H 88 CON 14 O 14 P Coenzyme A C 21 H 36 N 7 O 16 P 3 S Calcium Phosphate Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2 Table Salt NaCl Chalk CaCO 3 Water H 2 O Hydrochloric Acid HCl Bleach NaOCl

oThere are many compounds that are important to living things.

Organic Compounds Contain the elements carbon, hydrogen and often oxygen. Carbon is found in things that are or once were living. Carbon atoms share electrons to form covalent bonds. 90% of all compounds are organic

What’s so special about CARBON? It’s a great Tinker Toy! –4 outer (valence) electrons, but it would like to have 8! –Can bind with 4 different atoms to get 4 more electrons

What’s so special about CARBON? Readily forms COVALENT bonds with other atoms that are strong and stable— You don’t want to fall apart just sitting there!! THE BOTTOM LINE about CARBON— It has HUGE potential for making a WIDE VARIETY of different types of molecules!

compounds There are two types of compounds that are important to living things: Organic and inorganic compounds Organic compounds Organic compounds contain the element carbon. There are 4 types of organic compounds that are important to living things:

Organic Compound Composed of: ExamplesFunction Carbohydrate C, H, O Sugar Starch cellulose energy Releases energy for cells

Organic Compound Composed of :ExamplesFunction Lipid C, H, O Fats Oils Waxes Stores and energy for cells Structure in cell membranes Cell membranes are made of lipids

Phospholipid Found in cell membranes –Head is the phosphate group. Hydrophilic –Tails are the fatty acids. Hydrophobic

Organic Compound Composed of: ExamplesFunction Protein C, H, O, N, Senzymes Used to build cell parts; Made of smaller parts called amino acids Where are proteins made in the cell…?

Proteins Proteins are the building materials for the body. –Hair, skin, muscles, and organs are made mostly of proteins. Composed of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen Contain amine (NH 2 ) and carboxyl (COOH) groups

Organic Compound Composed of:ExamplesFunction Nucleic Acid C, H, O, N, P DNA RNA Stores hereditary information

Let’s Talk about one organic compound that is very important to living things… Glucose is one of the most important molecules in biology. Here are some things you need to know about it: The chemical formula for C 6 H 12 O 6 glucose is: C 6 H 12 O 6 PHOTOSYNTHESIS Glucose is manufactured in PLANTS in the process of PHOTOSYNTHESIS GETTING ENERGY All cells (plants and animals) use glucose for the purpose of GETTING ENERGY

Let’s Talk about one organic compound that is very important to living things… THE BONDSAll energy in a glucose molecule is located in THE BONDS. MITOCHONDRIAWhen the bonds of this molecule are broken, energy is released. This happens in the MITOCHONDRIA of the cell (the powerhouse organelle).

Biotic and Abiotic Biotic—living parts of an ecosystem Abiotic—nonliving parts of an ecosystem Can something be abiotic and organic?

Discussion Questions 1. What must a compound contain to be considered “Organic?” 2. What are some other elements often seen in organic compounds? 3. True or False? –All living things are made up of organic compounds.