Respiratory System

Functions of the Respiratory System Breathing process Exchange of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Enable speech production

Cellular Respiration All cells require oxygen for metabolism All cells require means to remove carbon dioxide

External Respiration Ventilation exchange of air between lungs and atmosphere Breathing largely involuntary activity

Structures of Respiratory System upper respiratory tract nose, mouth, pharynx, epiglottis, larynx and trachea lower respiratory tract bronchial tree and lungs

Nose Nasal cavity – other name Contains Mucus (warms air) Cilia (traps dirt and dust) olfactory nerve (nerve that determine smell)

Larynx Sound waves are generated here to produce speech. Voice box

Trachea Windpipe or airway Made of smooth muscle divides into two branches: bronchi no gaseous exchange

Bronchi Bronchus, singular Made with smooth muscle Ends with air sacs called alveoli

Alveoli air sacs alveolar wall membranes one cell thick and surrounded by capillaries gaseous exchange takes place here

Lungs Right-3 lobes Left-2 lobes trachea

Diaphragm muscle separating chest and abdomen diaphragm contracts air flows in diaphragm relaxes air flows out

COPD Asthma Chronic Bronchitis Emphysema bronchospasms, parosysmal, productive cough, mucolytics, bronchodilators Chronic Bronchitis mucosal swelling, productive cough, chest pain expectorants, bronchodilators, steroids Emphysema barrel-chest, dyspnea, orthopnea

Influenza Acute infectious respiratory disease Viral Fever, chills, headache, myalgia, anorexia Avoid aspirin in children

Pleural Effusions Excess fluid in pleural cavity associated with congestive heart failure, ascites, infectious lung diseases, trauma diagnosis auscultation, percussion Empyema, hydrothorax, hemothorax, pnrumothorax, pyopneumothorax thoracentesis

Tuberculosis Infectious, highly communicable disease aerosol transmission primary tuberculosis, tubercles immunocompromised effects other organ systems drug resistant strains

Cystic Fibrosis Hereditary disorder, affects exocrine glands systemic involvement lungs, pancreas, digestive tract Viscous mucus blocks bronchioles Gas exchange impaired

Respiratory Distress Syndrome Surfactant decreases the surface tension of the alveoli needed for alveoli to fill with air and expand (compliance) Infant respiratory distress syndrome (hyaline membrane disease) Adult respiratory distress syndrome