cdma2000 Air Interface Evolution Overview Dr. Edward Tiedemann (Qualcomm) Chair, 3GPP2 TSG-C tsgc_chair@3gpp2.org

TSG-C Responsibility TSG Radio Access (TSG-C) is responsible for the radio access part, including its internal structure, of systems based on 3GPP2 specifications. This includes: Air interface (physical layer and signaling) Over-the-air aspects of: SMS, USSD, and OTASP Speech codecs Test specifications TSG-C has developed 99 specifications, 21 reports, and numerous revisions. 2

3GPP2 Air Interface Evolution IMT-2000 Technologies: MC-CDMA 2G 3G 2000 2004 2006 2010 HRPD Rev 0 HRPD Rev A HRPD Rev B HRPD Rev C IS-95-A 9.6 & 14.4 kbps Circuit & Packet Data 2.4 Mbps FL 153 kbps RL BCMCS 3.1 Mbps FL 1.8 Mbps RL BCMCS1 Multi-carrier N x 4.9 Mbps FL2 N x 1.8 Mbps RL Smart Networks FL-MIMO-OFDM RL-MIMO 64 kbps Packet Data IS-95-B N=3  FL: 14.7/9.3 Mbps, RL: 3.1 Mbps 1999 2000 2002 2002 2004 2009 cdma2000 1x Rev 0 cdma2000 1x Rev A cdma2000 1x Rev B cdma2000 1x Rev C cdma2000 1x Rev D cdma2000 1x Rev E 1x Rev F ~2x voice capacity 153.6 kbps FL/RL3 307.2 kbps FL/RL3 Enhanced rate adaptation CCSH4 2.4 Mbps FL packet channel 3.1 Mbps FL 1.8 Mbps RL packet channel BCMCS ~3-4x voice capacity increase Higher data capacity 1: Enhanced OFDM-based BCMCS 2: 4.9 Mbps per FL carrier with 64-QAM, 3.1 Mbps with 16-QAM 3: One supplemental channel 4: CCSH: Code combining soft handoff HRPD: High Rate Packet Data (EV-DO) N: Number of Carriers 1x Rev C and Rev D are 1xEV-DV 3

Increased Data Capacity with 1x-Adv Where EV-DO is Not Available 1X Advanced: combination of 1x Rev E and EVRC NW 3x More Data Data Capacity 1X Rev E (1x Advanced) Up to 3x data capacity increase with 1X Advanced More Voice 1X Rev 0 Voice Capacity 4x* * Capacity increase possible with new codec (EVRC-NW), handset interference cancellation, and receive diversity; 3x without receive diversity; over cdma2000 Rev 0 and EVRC service option 3 4

1x Advanced Frees Up Spectrum for Data <Customize Header Text by updating the Header and Footer - Notes and Handouts tab> 1x Advanced Frees Up Spectrum for Data April 24, 2017 CDMA2000 Rev 0 1X Advanced EV-DO Same voice capacity in quarter of the spectrum Freed-up spectrum can be used for EV-DO data 5 <Customize Footer Text by updating the Header and Footer - Notes and Handouts tab>

Up to 70% Increase in 1x Coverage Up to 4x higher capacity with same coverage as 1X Rev 0 Up to 70% larger coverage area with same capacity as 1X Rev 0 x x x 1X Advanced 1X Advanced 1X Rev 0 Capacity and coverage tradeoff Notes: Coverage is defined as the maximum area with less than 1% of the users in outage; Assumptions : 3GPP2 simulation frame work, embedded sector, with all the 1X Advanced new RC, receive diversity, FL and RL Interference cancellation.. Based on Qualcomm simulations. 6

Brief Overview of 1X-Advanced Enhancements EV-DO Rev. C Technology Overview Brief Overview of 1X-Advanced Enhancements April 24, 2017 1X-Advanced New Features Reduce Required Power Efficient Source Coding with non critical 1/8 rate packets EVRC-NW* Reduces FL Interference FL IC** Efficient Voice Signal Transmission 1/8th Rate Blanking* Reduced Rate Commands on FL & RL Power Control* Increases Traffic Demod Performance Frame Early Termination* Cancels interference from QOF used to increase code space Enhanced FL IC** Reduce intra-cell and inter-cell interference RL IC** Increasing Frame Eb/Nt Mobile Receive Diversity (MRD)** Increase Voice Capacity * Part of 3GPP2 1x Rev. E and EVRC-NW (DTX) ** Implementation dependent QOF: Quasi Orthogonal Functions IC: Interference cancellation 7 QUALCOMM Proprietary

EVRC Family of Speech Codecs Capacity EVRC-NW 3.5-8.3/7.4 kbps SO73 C.S0014-D Combined NB and WB Codec CS DTX: additional Capacity gain Quality Regular Audio BW Wide Audio BW EVRC-B 3.5-8.3 kbps SO68 C.S0014-B AADR Dynamically Controlled Up to 40% Capacity gain over EVRC Quality Capacity EVRC-WB 7.4 kbps SO70 C.S0014-C Superior wideband voice quality AADR not higher than EVRC EVRC 8.3 kbps SO3 C.S0014 First codec standard EVRC SO3 C.S0014-A Interoperable bug fixing All are variable rate AADR: Active average data rate SO: Service Option NB: Narrowband WB: Wideband Regular is the same as narrowband Bit exact code (C.R0014) Minimum Performance Specifications (C.S0018) Electro-Acoustic Recommended MPS (C.S0056, C.R0056) 8

EVRC Family of Codecs Mode Structures Vocoder Hard Handoff via SO Negotiation Vocoder Frame Interop via Service Option Control Message Negotiation is Possible EVRC-WB (SO70) EVRC-NW (SO73) EVRC (SO3) COP0 COP0 Wideband Mode EVRC-B (SO68) COP0 COP1 COP1 COP2 COP2 COP4 COP3 COP3 Narrowband Modes COP4 COP4 COP5 COP5 COP6 COP6 COP7 COP7 COP7 Eighth-Rate Smart Blanking on RC8/RC11 DTX SO: Service Option COP: Capacity Operating Point Higher Capacity Gain (Lower Average Data Rate) EVRC-B >> EVRC EVRC-B >> EVRC-WB > EVRC EVRC-B = EVRC-NW (NB Modes) >> EVRC EVRC-WB = EVRC-NW (WB Mode) with RC3/RC4 EVRC-NW with DTX over RC8/RC11 > EVRC-NW with RC3/RC4 9

Better Voice Quality for Similar Capacity 1X Advanced (EVRC-NW (WB)) Higher Voice Quality for similar capacity Voice Quality 1X Advanced (EVRC-NW (NB)) 1X Rev 0 (EVRC) x 3.5x 4x Voice Capacity 10

High-level Features – HRPD HRPD Revision 0 2.4 Mbps Forward Link 153.6 kbps Reverse Link Multiple Personalities RL silence interval and Busy bit HRPD Revision B Multi-carrier (up to 20 MHz) Higher peak rates (64-QAM) Battery life enhancements Quick Paging Channel DTX and DRX Flexible Duplex Band Support Increased MAC Indices Greater H-ARQ granularity Emergency Call Support HRPD Revision A 3.1 Mbps Forward Link 1.8 Mbps Reverse Link QoS for Multiple Flows VoIP RL MAC Enhancements Dynamic Slot Cycle Index Support for BCMCS Fast Cell Selection Reverse link Hybrid ARQ Generic Attribute Update Protocol 11

HRPD-Revision C (DO-Advanced) Upper layer enhancements Network Load Balancing Single-Carrier Multilink Connection Less data transfer TDM’d connections Multi-AT page message Application-Layer Air-Link Encryption Emergency Alerts Femto-cell support Support for Priority services Physical layer enhancements FL MIMO-OFDM FL OFDMA Higher RL data rates RL MIMO Closed-Loop MTD (AT side only) Benefits AN protocol upgrades at for substantial increase in Network Capacity and user experience Enhanced performance for both existing and new devices Increase number of simultaneous connections Improved user experience everywhere in network Higher Sector Capacity Higher peak data rates for hot-spots and re-use scenarios 12

Smart Networks Exploit Typically Unevenly Loaded Networks Network loading continuously changes with time and location Fully loaded sectors are usually surrounded by lightly loaded neighbors Heavy Load Medium Load Light Load 13

Single Carrier Multi-Link Smart Networks Increase Network Capacity and User Experience, Where & When Needed Can double network capacity and cell-edge data rates Network Load Balancing Utilizing unused capacity of lightly loaded neighbors Smart Carrier Management Assigning carriers based on accurate load and location High Load Low Load Distributed Network Scheduler Users preferentially served by carriers that maximize capacity Single Carrier Multi-Link Leveraging multicarrier devices in single-carrier networks Carrier # 2 Carrier# 1 Improvement depends on deployment, demand distribution and implementation. Apart from the above, Adaptive Frequency Reuse (aka Demand Matched Configuration) is also another Smart Network technique. 14

DO Advanced Performance Improvement - Example Sample Cluster with Uneven Load Improved Performance During Loaded Conditions -1 -0.5 0.5 1 Dist. in km -1 -0.5 0.5 1 1.5 -1.5 Dist. in km Relative Sector Load: x 2x 15 Note: The performance shown is for users in the central cells (with 2x load) . The increase depends on deployment, demand distribution and implementation

DO Advanced Optimizes Performance of Heterogeneous Networks DO Advanced techniques applied to networks with microcells, picocells, etc. Network Capacity (DL) DO Advanced 3.3X (Macro + Pico) Pico cell (2 carrier) 1.7X Macro + Pico Macro (1 Carrier) X Macro Example: Improvement with DO Advanced Pico cell deployment Source: Qualcomm simulations. assumes 1 single carrier macro, with 2 double carrier picocells. Pico-cells are randomly placed in the network. The data loading ratio of 4:1 between high-demand and low-demand areas 16

Higher Connection -Capacity Enhanced Connection Management: Improved Connection-Capacity and User Experience Enhanced Connection Management Higher Connection -Capacity Better user Experience Supports more interactive users such as “push-pull” mobile email Efficient use of paging and access channels Better traffic congestion management Improved “Always ON” experience Improved battery life Better user experience even during congestion 17

Coming Up Next: Enhancing M2M via 1x Rev. F Optimize overhead read Enhanced network control (of m2m modules) Increase control dimensions (R-EACH) + DoS (with R-EACH) Fast-Connection Setup Optimize data transfer (speed, modem power consumption) Optimize network resource usage Enhanced Position Location 18

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cdma2000® is the trademark for the technical nomenclature for certain specifications and standards of the Organizational Partners (OPs) of 3GPP2. Geographically (and as of the date of publication), cdma2000® is a registered trademark of the Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA-USA) in the United States. 20