1. Prepared by Ali Al-Ghamdi Eissa Al-Mazmoumi

2. OUTLINE Overview – WiMAX Benefits. – Frequency Bands. – WiMAX Network Topologies. Physical Layer – Modulation Technique. – Duplexing. – HARQ. MAC Layer – MAC Scheduling Service Fast Data Scheduler: Scheduling for both DL and UL Frequency Selective Scheduling – Mobility Management Power Management Handoff

3. Overview What is WiMAX? “WiMAX” = Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access. Why WiMAX? – High speed. – Wireless. – Broad Coverage “cell phones”.

4. How WiMAX Works

5. WiMAX Benefits Doesn’t require Line of Sight (LOS). Provide a broadband service to everywhere. Support mobility. Compete with other high speed solutions e.g. DSL, 3G etc..

6. Technical Specifications Parameters 802.16a (WiMAX) 802.11 (WLAN) 802.15 (Bluetooth) Frequency Band: 2-11GHz2.4GHz Varies Range~31 miles~100 meters ~10meters Data transfer rate: 70 Mbps 11 Mbps - 55 Mbps 20Kbps - 55 Mbps Number of users: ThousandsDozens

7. Frequency Bands 10 to 66 GHz (licensed bands): – Require LOS between BS and SS, because high frequencies have short wave length. – This band has a high data rate. 2 to 11 GHz (Licensed bands): – no LOS. – Retransmission may be necessary. 2 to 11 GHz (unlicensed bands): – Interference may occur.

8. WiMAX Network Topologies Line-of-Sight in point –to-multipoint networks: – Better coverage area. – Subscribers base is larger. Sectorized Cellular Architecture: – Each cell is divided into sectors. – Directional Antennas are needed. Micro-cell Architecture: – A cell with a radius about 1.5 Km or less. – Easy and less expensive base station installation.

9. Physical Layer Modulation Techniques: 1. Single Carrier Modulation Method. 2. Multicarrier Modulation Method.

10. Single Carrier Modulation WiMAX systems uses adaptive modulation, it will automatically select the modulation and coding scheme according to the channel conditions. E.g. CPEs that are near the base station could be using 64- QAM while other CPEs farther away use 16-QAM or QPSK. QAM: for ranges less than 66% of the maximum. – 16-QAM – 64-QAM QPSK: for ranges higher than 70% of the maximum range.

11. Multicarrier Modulation OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing). Is a spread spectrum technique distributes the data over a large number of carriers that are spaced apart at precise frequencies. The “orthogonality" in this technique prevents the demodulators from seeing frequencies other than their own.

12. OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing). The benefits of OFDM are high spectral efficiency, resiliency to RF interference, and lower multi-path distortion. In a typical terrestrial broadcasting scenario there are multipath-channels (i.e. the transmitted signal arrives at the receiver using various paths of different length). Since multiple versions of the signal interfere with each other (inter symbol interference (ISI)) it becomes very hard to extract the original information.

13. Single Carrier vs. Multicarrier

14. Tow main techniques: – Time Division Duplex (TDD) – Frequency Division Duplex (FDD) Duplexing in Uplink (UL) & Downlink (DL)

15. Single frequency channel for uplink and downlink. Different time slots. Time slots are separated by guard periods. No guard band required  efficient bandwidth. TDD

17. FDD Distinct frequencies channels are assigned to both the transmitter and the receiver. The Base Station Unit (BSU) may receive uplink traffic while it simultaneously transmits on the downlink. Guard band are required  Waste of bandwidth.

18. FDD

19. FDD vs. TDD

20. Duplexing in Uplink (UL) & Downlink (DL) TDD is the preferred duplexing mode for the following reasons: – TDD enables adjustment of the downlink /uplink ratio to efficiently support asymmetric downlink/uplink traffic, while with FDD, downlink and uplink always have fixed and generally, equal DL and UL bandwidths. – Unlike FDD, which requires a pair of channels, TDD only requires a single channel for both downlink and uplink providing greater flexibility for adaptation to varied global spectrum allocations. – Transceiver designs for TDD implementations are less complex and therefore lessexpensive.

21. Hybrid Auto Repeat Request (HARQ) HARQ is enabled using N channel “Stop and Wait” protocol which provides fast response to packet errors and improves cell edge coverage. A dedicated ACK channel is also provided in the uplink for HARQ ACK/NACK signaling.

22. MAC Scheduling Service Fast Data Scheduler: – while simultaneously supporting streaming video and latency-sensitive voice traffic over the same channel, the resource allocated to one terminal by the MAC scheduler can vary from a single time slot to the entire frame. – the scheduler can effectively change the resource allocation on a frame-by-frame basis to adapt to the bursty nature of the traffic.

23. Fast Data Scheduler The scheduler is located at each base station to enable rapid response to traffic requirements and channel conditions. The CQICH (Channel Quality Indicator) channel provides fast channel information feedback to enable the scheduler to choose the appropriate coding and modulation for each allocation.

24. Fast Data Scheduler

25. Scheduling for both Downlink and Uplink To support bandwidth requests: – Ranging channel. – piggyback request and – polling

26. Frequency Selective Scheduling: The frequency-selective scheduling can allocate mobile users to their corresponding strongest sub-channels. The frequency-selective scheduling can enhance system capacity with a moderate increase in CQI overhead in the UL. Frequency-diversity scheduling can support a QoS with flexible time-frequency resource scheduling.

27. Mobility Management Power Management: Mobile WiMAX supports two modes for power efficient operation – Sleep Mode and – Idle Mode Handoff: Mobile WiMAX supports seamless handoff to enable the MS to switch from one base station to another at vehicular speeds without interrupting the connection.

28. Power Management Sleep Mode is a state in which the MS conducts pre- negotiated periods of absence from the Serving Base Station air interface. These periods are characterized by the unavailability of the MS to DL or UL traffic. The benefits: – minimize MS power usage and – minimize the usage of air interface resources. – provides flexibility for the MS to scan other base stations to collect information to assist handoff during the Sleep Mode.

29. Power Management Idle Mode provides a mechanism for the MS to become periodically available for DL broadcast traffic messaging without registration at a specific base station. The benefits: – removing the requirement for handoff and other normal operations – eliminating air interface and network handoff traffic from essentially inactive MSs while still providing a simple and timely method for alerting the MS

30. Handoff There are three handoff methods supported within the 802.16e standard: – Hard Handoff (HHO), mandatory – Fast Base Station Switching (FBSS), optional – Macro Diversity Handover (MDHO). optional

31. Handoff HHO: – The WiMAX Forum has developed several techniques for optimizing hard handoff within the framework of the 802.16e standard. These improvements have been developed with the goal of keeping Layer 2 handoff delays to less than 50 milliseconds.

32. handoff FBSS: – The MS continuously monitors the signal strength of the BSs that are in the active set and selects one BS from the set to be the Anchor BS. – The MS reports the selected Anchor BS on MS initiated HO request message. Then the handoff takes place.

33. handoff MDHO: – For downlink MDHO, two or more BSs provide synchronized transmission of MS downlink data such that diversity combining is performed at the MS. – For uplink MDHO, the transmission from a MS is received by multiple BSs where selection diversity of the information received is performed.

34. Summary Overview – WiMAX Benefits. – Frequency Bands. – WiMAX Network Topologies. Physical Layer – Modulation Technique. – Duplexing. – HARQ. MAC Layer – MAC Scheduling Service Fast Data Scheduler: Scheduling for both DL and UL Frequency Selective Scheduling – Mobility Management Power Management Handoff

35. References www.wimaxforum.com “Understanding WiMAX and 3G for Portable/Mobile Broadband Wireless”, Technical White Paper, Intel Corporation Proxim Wireless Corporation.

36. Any Questions…?