Genomics and Me The Study of Cancer Disease

Introduction What is Cancer Disease? A set of disease in which cells escape from the control mechanisms A set of disease in which cells escape from the control mechanisms Will cause death Will cause death Cancer gene products produced in two ways Cancer gene products produced in two ways Quantitatively Quantitatively - gene products expressed at an abnormally level or not expressed at all. - gene products expressed at an abnormally level or not expressed at all. Qualitatively Qualitatively - DNA sequence changed (gene is mutated) - DNA sequence changed (gene is mutated)

How to detect the cancer gene? How to detect the cancer gene? By comparing the “ fingerprint ” of a normal cell with a cancer cell will highlight genes by their suspicious presence or absence, the cancer genome anatomist can determine whether such suspect play a role in cancer. By comparing the “ fingerprint ” of a normal cell with a cancer cell will highlight genes by their suspicious presence or absence, the cancer genome anatomist can determine whether such suspect play a role in cancer. Cancerous cell usually undergo a gradual transformation and often goes undetected for years. Thus the cancer cell genetic study is very important in cancer curing.

Causes of Cancer Chemicals Chemicals - Chemical in the workplace - Chemical in the workplace e.g. manufacture of dyes and chemicals e.g. manufacture of dyes and chemicals - Tobacco and Alcohol - Tobacco and Alcohol - Diet - Diet aromatic amines and polycyclic hydrocarbons aromatic amines and polycyclic hydrocarbons (over cooking) (over cooking) free radicals (metabolism of certain food) free radicals (metabolism of certain food) - Environmental pollution - Environmental pollution -aromatic hydrocarbons produced by the burning of -aromatic hydrocarbons produced by the burning of of wood, tobacco, and fossil fuels of wood, tobacco, and fossil fuels

Viruses Viruses e.g. hepatitis B virus (HBV) and the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) e.g. hepatitis B virus (HBV) and the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) Irradiation Irradiation Ultraviolet from sunlight and atomic/ionizing radiation such as nuclear explosions Ultraviolet from sunlight and atomic/ionizing radiation such as nuclear explosions

Not all carcinogens do cause cancer because most are eliminated by the immune system. most are eliminated by the immune system. one mutation usually is not enough to cause cancer one mutation usually is not enough to cause cancer How cancer causes? There is a cellular gene called proto- oncogene, which code for proteins that stimulate normal cell growth and division. When proto- oncogene turns to oncogene, cancer will occur. There is a cellular gene called proto- oncogene, which code for proteins that stimulate normal cell growth and division. When proto- oncogene turns to oncogene, cancer will occur. When proto-oncogene exposed to carcinogen (cancer-causers), its fragile sites will break and then proto-oncogene will turn to oncogene.

The genetic changes that convert proto- oncogene to oncogene fall into three main categories The genetic changes that convert proto- oncogene to oncogene fall into three main categories movement of DNA within the genome movement of DNA within the genome amplification of a proto-oncogene amplification of a proto-oncogene point mutation in a proto-oncogene point mutation in a proto-oncogene

Treatment Methods of Cancer Gene therapy a new technique of cancer treatment a new technique of cancer treatment to treat cancer patients by alter patient’s genetic material to fight or prevent cancer to treat cancer patients by alter patient’s genetic material to fight or prevent cancer improve human body’s natural ability to fight the disease or make the cancer cells more sensitive to other kinds of therapy improve human body’s natural ability to fight the disease or make the cancer cells more sensitive to other kinds of therapy

Methods supply cells with healthy copies of missing supply cells with healthy copies of missing e.g. insert missing DNA into a certain genetic material by vectors e.g. insert missing DNA into a certain genetic material by vectors altered gene by insert missing DNA or change cell’s function altered gene by insert missing DNA or change cell’s function e.g. stimulate immune system cells to attack cancer cells, and to introduce the multidrug resistance (MDR) gene into stem cells e.g. stimulate immune system cells to attack cancer cells, and to introduce the multidrug resistance (MDR) gene into stem cells the most common vectors are viruses. Retroviruses are usually used the most common vectors are viruses. Retroviruses are usually used

ex vivo ex vivo To remove patients’ cells and grown the cells in the laboratory. Exposed to cells to the virus that is carrying the desired gene. The virus will enter the cell, and the desired gene will become the part of cells’ DNA. Finally inject the cells into patients’ vein. To remove patients’ cells and grown the cells in the laboratory. Exposed to cells to the virus that is carrying the desired gene. The virus will enter the cell, and the desired gene will become the part of cells’ DNA. Finally inject the cells into patients’ vein. in vivo in vivo the desired gene is delivering to the patients’ cells by vectors or liposomes inside the patients’ body. the desired gene is delivering to the patients’ cells by vectors or liposomes inside the patients’ body.

The Side effects when viral vectors carry desired gene into cells, they might altered genes of other healthy cells when viral vectors carry desired gene into cells, they might altered genes of other healthy cells the new gene might be inserted into the wrong location in DNA the new gene might be inserted into the wrong location in DNA the transferred gene may be over expressed that produce too much of missing protein and may cause inflammation, and then the virus could be transmitted from the patients to other people the transferred gene may be over expressed that produce too much of missing protein and may cause inflammation, and then the virus could be transmitted from the patients to other people

The first disease approved for treatment with gene therapy was adenosine deaminase (ADA) deficiency. The first disease approved for treatment with gene therapy was adenosine deaminase (ADA) deficiency. The first clinical trial of gene therapy began in September 1990 The first clinical trial of gene therapy began in September 1990

Surgery Cryosurgery Cryosurgery the use of extreme cold to destroy cancer the use of extreme cold to destroy cancer side effects : can lead to heavy bleeding side effects : can lead to heavy bleeding Laser therapy Laser therapy - carbon dioxide (CO2) laser - carbon dioxide (CO2) laser - neodymium:yttrium-aluminum-garnet (Nd: YAG) laser - neodymium:yttrium-aluminum-garnet (Nd: YAG) laser - argon laser - argon laser

Chemotherapy The using of “antidrugs”. side effects : also harm to healthy cell side effects : also harm to healthy cell Radiation therapy Also called radiotherapy, is the treatment of cancer with ionizing radiation. usually used involves photons, such as X-ray And Gamma rays. usually used involves photons, such as X-ray And Gamma rays. Side effects: temporary or permanent loss of hair, the skin irritation in the treated area. Side effects: temporary or permanent loss of hair, the skin irritation in the treated area.

Biological therapy Sometimes called immunotherapy, is a therapy that use the body immune system to fight cancer or to lessen the side effects which caused by other cancer treatment. Sometimes called immunotherapy, is a therapy that use the body immune system to fight cancer or to lessen the side effects which caused by other cancer treatment. It is to repair, stimulate, or enhance the immune system’s responses by using of antibodies, cytokines, and other immune substances. It is to repair, stimulate, or enhance the immune system’s responses by using of antibodies, cytokines, and other immune substances.

The End Have a nice Christmas Have a nice Christmas