The Wars of Religion ( )

I. Renewed Religious Struggle 1 st half of the 16 th c the religious struggles had been Lutherans gaining freedoms in Germany (central Europe)1 st half of the 16 th c the religious struggles had been Lutherans gaining freedoms in Germany (central Europe) 2 nd half became about Calvinist gaining freedoms in France, the Netherlands, England, and Scotland (Western Europe)2 nd half became about Calvinist gaining freedoms in France, the Netherlands, England, and Scotland (Western Europe)

II. Hapsburg – Valois Wars Fought between Francis I (Valois) and Charles V (HRE, King of Spain, King of Austria)Fought between Francis I (Valois) and Charles V (HRE, King of Spain, King of Austria) Occurred b/c Francis wanted a better balance of power – he helped the protestant princes in N. Germany, League of SchmalkaldenOccurred b/c Francis wanted a better balance of power – he helped the protestant princes in N. Germany, League of Schmalkalden

II. Hapsburg – Valois Wars Not considered a holy war because both were CatholicNot considered a holy war because both were Catholic Ended with the Treaty of Cateau- Cambresis in 1559Ended with the Treaty of Cateau- Cambresis in 1559 Outcome of the War:Outcome of the War: –Prevented HRE from gaining too much power in Germany –Inadvertently helped Lutheranism spread

II. Hapsburg – Valois Wars This war prevented Germany from being able to develop as a nation stateThis war prevented Germany from being able to develop as a nation state France’s goal was achievedFrance’s goal was achieved

III. Religious Concerns of Nations from 1560 – 1648) From wars would be fought largely over religious issuesFrom wars would be fought largely over religious issues Spain sought to squash Protestantism & the spread of IslamSpain sought to squash Protestantism & the spread of Islam French Catholics sought to squash the HuguenotsFrench Catholics sought to squash the Huguenots HRE sought to re-impose Catholicism in German StatesHRE sought to re-impose Catholicism in German States Calvinist in Netherlands wanted to break with Spanish ruleCalvinist in Netherlands wanted to break with Spanish rule

IV. Civil War In France ( )

A. Death of Henry II, The Valois Family: The Beginning of the End  Henri II was the last powerful Valois  Three weak sons followed:  Francis II  Charles IX  Henri III  Catherine de Medici controlled the sons:  Was mother to the boys  Played both sides in the civil war  Developed a reputation for cruelty

Catherine de Medici

Francis II & His Wife, Mary Stuart

The French Civil War  There were two sides:  Guise family led Catholics in North  Bourbon family led Huguenots in South  Fighting for the royal inheritance  Catherine supported the Guises in the first phase. B. St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre  August 24, 1572  20,000 Huguenots were killed  Henri of Navarre, a Bourbon, survived

B. St. Bartholomew Day Massacre ( August 24, Marriage of Margaret of Valois to Protestant Huguenot Henry of Navarre – marriage arranged to reconcile Catholics and Protestants 2.Henry of Guise had a Huguenot leader murdered the night before the wedding (Henry of Navarre was to be murdered as well) - rioting broke out in Paris 3.Catherine de’ Medici ordered the massacre of Calvinists - 20,000 Huguenots killed on October 3 rd 4.The massacre initiated the War of the Three Henrys: Henry Valois vs. Henry of Guise vs. Henry of Navarre B. St. Bartholomew Day Massacre ( August 24, Marriage of Margaret of Valois to Protestant Huguenot Henry of Navarre – marriage arranged to reconcile Catholics and Protestants 2.Henry of Guise had a Huguenot leader murdered the night before the wedding (Henry of Navarre was to be murdered as well) - rioting broke out in Paris 3.Catherine de’ Medici ordered the massacre of Calvinists - 20,000 Huguenots killed on October 3 rd 4.The massacre initiated the War of the Three Henrys: Henry Valois vs. Henry of Guise vs. Henry of Navarre

St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre

The French Civil War  Catherine started supporting the Bourbons.  Henri of Navarre defeated Catholic League & becomes Henry IV of France.  Effects of Civil War:  France was left divided by religion  Royal power had weakened  Valois family now replaced by Bourbons Catholic League Protestant Union CIVIL WAR

Triumphal Entry of Henry IV Into Paris – Peter Paul Reubens

 Ended Spanish interference in France  Converted to Catholicism :  Did this to compromise and make peace  This was an example of politique [the interest of the state comes first before any religious considerations]  Paris is worth a mass.  Privately remained Catholic  Passed Edict of Nantes in 1598:  Granted religious rights to Huguenots  Did not grant religious freedom for all C. Henry IV of France

V. Spain’s Catholic Crusade A. Philip II Led by King Philip II ( )Led by King Philip II ( ) “Golden Age” period of artistic achievement and great wealth from the Americas“Golden Age” period of artistic achievement and great wealth from the Americas Built the Escorial – in memory of St. Lawrence & as a symbol of Philip’s power and commitment to the Catholic crusadeBuilt the Escorial – in memory of St. Lawrence & as a symbol of Philip’s power and commitment to the Catholic crusade

Escorial

Escorial

Escorial

V. Spain’s Catholic Crusade B. Spain vs. Ottoman Turks Philip II waged a war against the Turks for control of the MediterraneanPhilip II waged a war against the Turks for control of the Mediterranean Med. Very important for tradeMed. Very important for trade Battle of Lepanto (1571) – ended war granting Med. Control to SpainBattle of Lepanto (1571) – ended war granting Med. Control to Spain Ottoman Turks no longer threat to EuropeOttoman Turks no longer threat to Europe

V. Spain’s Catholic Crusade C. The Dutch Revolt 1. William I (William of Orange) ( ) -Ruled the Netherlands (Calvinist) -Led revolts against Philip II 2. William formed the Dutch Republic thanks to help by Elizabeth I of England

D. Spain Vs. England A.Mary I (Bloody Mary) B. Elizabeth I

D. England & Spain Mary I Elizabeth I

D. England & Spain A.Mary I very hostile to Protestants (executes great Protestant leaders, hundreds are burned at the stake and others flee to the Continent)very hostile to Protestants (executes great Protestant leaders, hundreds are burned at the stake and others flee to the Continent) marries into militant Catholicism by wedding Philip II of Spainmarries into militant Catholicism by wedding Philip II of Spain

D. England & Spain 2. Elizabeth I settled religious differences by merging broadly defined Protestant doctrine with traditional Catholic ritual, later resulting in the Anglican Church settled religious differences by merging broadly defined Protestant doctrine with traditional Catholic ritual, later resulting in the Anglican Church all anti-Protestant legislation repealed and Thirty-Nine Articles is issued in 1563 making moderate Protestantism the official religion of the Church of Englandall anti-Protestant legislation repealed and Thirty-Nine Articles is issued in 1563 making moderate Protestantism the official religion of the Church of England animosity grows between England and Spain over dominance of the seasanimosity grows between England and Spain over dominance of the seas

D. Spain & England Spanish Armada 1588

VI. The Thirty Years War ( ) p

 The Holy Roman Empire was the battleground.  At the beginning  it was the Catholics vs. the Protestants.  At the end  it was Habsburg power that was threatened.  Resolved by the Treaty of Westphalia in Characteristics of the Thirty Years War

 Ferdinand II inherited Bohemia.  The Bohemians hated him.  Ferdinand refused to tolerate Protestants.  Defenestration of Prague  May, 1618  Bohemia named a new king, Frederick V. The Bohemian Phase:

Defenestration of Prague

 Ferdinand II becomes Holy Roman Emperor.  Frederick V borrowed an army from Bavaria.  Frederick lost his lands in the fighting.  The rebellion in Bohemia inspired others.  Bohemians won region from the HRE, present Cezch Republic The Bohemian Phase:

Bohemian Phase

 Protestants led by Christian IV – Lutheran King of Denmark  Ferdinand II tried to end all resistance.  Tried to crush Protestants in the northern Holy Roman Empire.  Ferdinand II used Albrecht von Wallenstein to lead the Imperial army  Wallenstein defeated Protestants in north.  Edict of Restitution (1629):  Restored to Catholics all lands lost since  Deprived all Protestants, except Lutherans, of their religious and political rights.  German princes feared Wallenstein’s power and forced the Emperor to remove him from power and reduce the size of the Imperial army The Danish Phase:

Danish Phase

Albrecht von Wallenstein

a. Protestants liberated territory lost in the Danish Phase b. France & Sweden now get involved.  Both want to stop Habsburg power.  Sweden led the charge.  France provided support. c. Gustavus Adolphus (Swedish King) invaded the HR Empire.  Ferdinand II brought back Wallenstein.  Swedish advance was stopped.  Battle of Breitenfield: Gustavus successful but died on battlefield The Swedish Phase:

d. Outcome German princes still feared Ferdinand II. Wallenstein assassinated to appease them. End of war HRE know Ferdinand III – revoked the Edict of Restitution and issued the Peace of Prague did not end war

Swedish Phase

Gustavus Adolphus

a. France & Sweden switched roles. b. All countries in Europe now participated. c. This phase was most destructive!  German towns decimated.  Agriculture collapsed  famine resulted.  8 million dead  1/3 of the population  Caused massive inflation.  Trade was crippled throughout Europe. The French Phase:

d. Cardinal Richelieu of France allied with the Protestant forces to defeat the HRE (as had occurred in the earlier Hapsburg-Valois War e. If the Hapsburgs had won in Germany, France would have been confronted with a more powerful German state on its eastern border. The French Phase:

Loss of German Lives in 30 Years’ War

1.Political Provisions: a. Peace of Augsburg renewed(but added Calvinism as a politically accepted religion) In effect, it ended the Catholic Reformation in Germany Guarnteed that Germany would remain divided politically & religiously for centuries The Peace of Westphalia (1648)

1.Political Provisions: b. Dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire confirmed – END!!  The United Provinces [Dutch Neths.] became officially independent  some. part remained a Spanish possession.  France rcvd. New lands and status as a power  Sweden  got lands in Northern Germany on the Baltic & Black Sea coasts.  Switzerland became indp. Swiss Confederation  Germany free of HRE The Peace of Westphalia (1648)

C. The two Hapsburg Branches were weakened (Charles V divided Emperor at death) Spain – Declined Austria – lost control of Germany

 Religious Provisions:  Calvinists would have the same privileges as the Lutherans had in the Peace of Augsburg.  The ruler of each state could determine its official religion, BUT [except in the hereditary lands of the Habsburgs], HRE must permit freedom of private worship. The Peace of Westphalia (1648)

Treaty of Westphalia (1648)

 Many Protestants felt betrayed.  The pope denounced it.  Only merit  it ended the fighting in a war that became intolerable!  For the next few centuries, this war was blamed for everything that went wrong in Central Europe. Nobody Was Happy!

What were the long-range effects of the Thirty Years’ War?