Fungus Picture Notes

are divided into the phyla Concept Map Section 21-2 Fungi are divided into the phyla Ascomycota Zygomycota Basidiomycota Deuteromycota includes includes includes includes Common molds Sac fungi Club fungi Imperfect fungi

B D C E A

Rhizoid: rootlike hypha that penetrates the surface of an object Sporangium: structure that contains spores Sporangiophore: specialized hyphae where sporangia are found Spores: haploid reproductive cell Stolon: a stem like hypha that runs along the surface of an object

Figure 21-5 The Life Cycle of Rhizopus Section 21-2 Zygospore (2N) Spores (N) Sporangium + Mating type (N) Stolons Rhizoids - Mating type (N) Sporangiophore Gametangia FERTILIZATION MEIOSIS Sexual Reproduction Asexual Reproduction Diploid Haploid

Sac Fungi- Yeast bud cell wall nucleus vacuole cytoplasm

Ascomycota (Sac Fungi) Structures Bud: reproductive product after yeast cells undergo budding Cell Wall: protective structure surrounding yeast cell Cytoplasm: liquid material that transport substances within the yeast cell Nucleus: control center of yeast cell that holds genetic information Vacuole: storage site for yeast cell

Figure 21-8 The Life Cycle of a Basidiomycete Section 21-2 Fruiting body (N + N) Button Secondary mycelium (N + N) Primary mycelium (N) + Mating type (N) - Mating type (N) Basidiospores (N) Zygote (2N) Basidia (N + N) Gills lined with basidia Gills Stalk Base Cap FERTILIZATION HYPHAE FUSE Haploid Diploid MEIOSIS

cap gills basidium stipe rhizoids

Basidium: spore-bearing structure of a basidiomycete Cap: top section of the fruiting body Gills: downward like projection structures that hold the basidium Rhizoids: a root like hypha that penetrates the surface of an object Stipe: base of the fruiting body

Figure 21-2 The Structure of a Mushroom Section 21-1 Fruiting body Hyphae Mycelium

Fruiting body: reproductive structure of fungus that develops from a mycelium Hyphae: tiny filament that makes up a multicellular fungus or a water mold Mycelium: many hyphae tangled together into a thick mass

Hyphae Structure Section 21-1 Hyphae With Cross Walls Nuclei Cell wall Cytoplasm Cross wall Hyphae With Cross Walls Hyphae Without Cross Walls

Figure 21-7 The Life Cycle of an Ascomycete Section 21-2 Hypha (N) Conidiophore Conidia (N) + Mating type (N) - Mating type (N) 8 Ascospores (N) Ascus Zygote (2N) Ascus (N + N) Fruiting body (N + N) Hyphae (N + N) Gametangia Asci Hyphae (N) Diploid Haploid FERTILIZATION HYPHAE FUSE MEIOSIS Sexual Reproduction Asexual Reproduction

Interest Grabber continued Section 21-3 Classify each of the following fungi as decomposers, parasites, or organisms that live in a mutually beneficial relationship with another species. 1. A network of fungi covers the roots of fir trees. The trees provide the fungi with food, and the fungi help the tree roots absorb water. 2. Fungi living on growing corn stalks destroy corn kernels. 3. Mushrooms growing on a fallen log obtain food from the decaying wood.

Section Outline 21–3 Ecology of Fungi A. All Fungi Are Heterotrophs B. Fungi as Decomposers C. Fungi as Parasites 1. Plant Diseases 2. Human Diseases 3. Other Animal Diseases D. Symbiotic Relationships 1. Lichens 2. Mycorrhizae

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Lichen Structure Section 21-3 Densely packed hyphae Layer of algae/ cyanobacteria Loosely packed hyphae Densely packed hyphae

Go Online Interactive test Articles on fungi For links on fungi go to www.SciLinks.org and enter the Web Code as follows: cbn-6211. For links on asexual reproduction, go to www.SciLinks.org and enter the Web Code as follows: cbn-6212. Internet

Interest Grabber Answers 1. What are some things that you know about mushrooms? Possible answers: Mushrooms grow from the soil in dark, damp places. They are eaten by animals, including people. They are soft. 2. Would you classify mushrooms as an animal, a plant, or something else? Give reasons for your answer. Students will likely say that mushrooms should be classified as something other than plants or animals. Possible reasons: Mushrooms grow in soil, as plants do, but they aren’t green. Mushrooms aren’t animals because they don’t move from place to place as animals do. Section 1 Answers

Interest Grabber Answers 1. List as many examples of fungi that you can. Mushrooms, mold, yeast, mildew, truffles 2. How are fungi helpful to humans? They are sources of food and are used in making bread, wine, and medicines. 3. How are fungi harmful to humans? Some are poisonous and can cause illness or death. Section 2 Answers

Interest Grabber Answers Classify each of the following fungi as decomposers, parasites, or organisms that live in a mutually beneficial relationship with another species. 1. A network of fungi covers the roots of fir trees. The trees provide the fungi with food, and the fungi help the tree roots absorb water. Organisms that live in a mutually beneficial relationship with another species 2. Fungi living on growing corn stalks destroy corn kernels. Parasites 3. Mushrooms growing on a fallen log obtain food from the decaying wood. Decomposers Section 3 Answers

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