Chapter 1 Matter and Change

What is Chemistry?  Chemistry is the study of the composition, structure, and properties of matter, the processes that matter undergoes, and the energy changes that accompany these processes. A chemical is any substance that has a definite composition.A chemical is any substance that has a definite composition. sucrose sucrose water water carbon dioxide carbon dioxide

Chemistry  Includes many different branches of study (focuses on a particular area, they do overlap)  Organic  Inorganic  Physical  Analytical  Biochemistry  Theoretical

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What is Matter?  Matter Anything that has mass and takes up space Volume is the amount of three dimensional space an object occupies. Volume is the amount of three dimensional space an object occupies. Mass is a measure of the amount of matter. Mass is a measure of the amount of matter.

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Basic Building Blocks of Matter An atom is the smallest unit of an element that maintains the chemical identity of that element.An atom is the smallest unit of an element that maintains the chemical identity of that element. Fundamental building block of matterFundamental building block of matter An element is a pure substance that cannot be broken down into simpler, stable substances and is made of one type of atom.An element is a pure substance that cannot be broken down into simpler, stable substances and is made of one type of atom. A compound is a substance that is composed of 2 or more elements that are chemically bondedA compound is a substance that is composed of 2 or more elements that are chemically bondedthat are chemically bonded.

Characteristic Properties  Extensive- depends on amount of matter present  Mass  Volume  Amount of energy in a substance  Intensive- does not depend on amount of matter present  Melting point  Boiling point  Density  Ability to conduct electricity  Ability to transfer energy as heat

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Properties of Matter

Day 2  Mass is a measurement of ______________  The fundamental building block of matter is________  An element is made of one type of _________ Review ??????

Properties of Matter  Physical properties- characteristic that can be observed without changing the identity  Observed with the senses  Melting point/boiling point A physical change is a change in a substance that does not involve a change in the identity of the substance. A physical change is a change in a substance that does not involve a change in the identity of the substance. grinding, cutting, melting, and boiling

Physical Properties and Physical Changes, continued A change of state is a physical change of a substance from one state to another.A change of state is a physical change of a substance from one state to another. states of matterstates of matter solid state, matter has definite volume and definite shape.solid state, matter has definite volume and definite shape. liquid state, matter has a definite volume but an indefinite shape.liquid state, matter has a definite volume but an indefinite shape. gas state, matter has neither definite volume nor definite shape.gas state, matter has neither definite volume nor definite shape. Plasma is a high-temperature physical state of matter in which atoms lose most of their electrons, particles that make up atoms.Plasma is a high-temperature physical state of matter in which atoms lose most of their electrons, particles that make up atoms.

© 2009, Prentice-Hall, Inc. States of Matter

Chemical Properties and Chemical Changes A chemical property relates to a substance’s ability to undergo changes that transform it into different substancesA chemical property relates to a substance’s ability to undergo changes that transform it into different substances A change in which one or more substances are converted into different substances is called a chemical change or chemical reaction.A change in which one or more substances are converted into different substances is called a chemical change or chemical reaction. 2 or more reactants form atleast 1 product 2 or more reactants form atleast 1 product

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Chemical Changes, continued The products are the substances that are formed by the chemical change. reactants product chemical reactionA change in which one or more substances are converted into different substances is called a chemical change or chemical reaction. The reactants are the substances that react in a chemical change. Carbon plus oxygen yields (or forms) carbon dioxide. carbon + oxygen carbon dioxide

Evidence of a Chemical Change Chapter 1

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Energy and Changes in Matter Energy is always involved when physical or chemical changes occur.Energy is always involved when physical or chemical changes occur. Energy can be in various forms.Energy can be in various forms. heat heat light light Energy can be absorbed or released in a change, it is not destroyed or created.Energy can be absorbed or released in a change, it is not destroyed or created. law of conservation of energy law of conservation of energy

Physical vs. Chemical  Examples:  rusting iron  dissolving in water  burning a log  melting ice  grinding spices chemical physical chemical physical

Day 3  A change in a substance that does not involve a change in the identity of the substance is called ______________  In every chemical change 2 or more reactants form at least one ________  Extensive properties include:  A. boiling point & density B. volume & mass Review ??????

Classification of Matter Chapter 1

Classification of Matter A mixture is a blend of two or more kinds of matter, each of which retains its own identity and properties.A mixture is a blend of two or more kinds of matter, each of which retains its own identity and properties. mixed together physically mixed together physically can usually be separated can usually be separated Homogeneous mixtures are called solutions Homogeneous mixtures are called solutions uniform in composition (salt-water solution) uniform in composition (salt-water solution) Heterogeneous mixtures Heterogeneous mixtures not uniform throughout (clay-water mixture) not uniform throughout (clay-water mixture)

Types of Mixtures Chapter 1

Pure Substances A pure substance has a fixed composition.A pure substance has a fixed composition. Pure substances are either compounds or elements.Pure substances are either compounds or elements. A pure substance differs from a mixture in the following ways:A pure substance differs from a mixture in the following ways: Every sample of a given pure substance has exactly the same characteristic properties.Every sample of a given pure substance has exactly the same characteristic properties. Every sample of a given pure substance has exactly the same composition.Every sample of a given pure substance has exactly the same composition. Water is always 11.2% hydrogen and 88.8% oxygen by mass.Water is always 11.2% hydrogen and 88.8% oxygen by mass.

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Day 4  If a mixture is uniform in compositions it is considered to be _________________.  A liquid has a definite ____________ but no definite ____________. Review ??????

Objectives Use a periodic table to name elements, given their symbols.Use a periodic table to name elements, given their symbols. Use a periodic table to write the symbols of elements, given their names.Use a periodic table to write the symbols of elements, given their names. Describe the arrangement of the periodic table.Describe the arrangement of the periodic table. List the characteristics that distinguish metals, nonmetals, and metalloidsList the characteristics that distinguish metals, nonmetals, and metalloids. Section 3 Elements Chapter 1

Introduction to the Periodic Table All known elements are organized into a chart known as the periodic table vertical columns groups, or familiesThe vertical columns of the periodic table are called groups, or families. Each group contains elements with similar chemical properties. horizontal rows periodsThe horizontal rows of elements in the periodic table are called periods. Physical and chemical properties change somewhat regularly across a period.

Types of Elements Metals Metals A metal is an element that is a good electrical conductor and a good heat conductor Properties of metals most are solids at room temperature malleablemalleable - they can be hammered or rolled into thin sheets ductileductile - they can be drawn into a fine wire conduct electricity and heat well LusterLuster- shininess

Types of Elements Gold, copper, and aluminum are metals Chapter 1

Types of Elements Cont…… Nonmetals A nonmetal is an element that is a poor conductor of heat and electricity. Properties of nonmetals many are gases solids are brittle poor conductors of heat and electricity

Types of Elements Cont….. Metalloids A metalloid is an element that has some characteristics of metals and some characteristics of nonmetals. Properties of metalloids all metalloids are solids at room temperature semiconductors of electricity

Types of Elements Various nonmetal elements (a) carbon, (b) sulfur, (c) phosphorus, and (d) iodine Chapter 1

Types of Elements Cont ….. Noble Gases Chapter 1 elements in Group 18 of the periodic table generally unreactive gases at room temperature

Chapter 1 Regions of the Periodic Table

Review  The vertical columns of the periodic table are called ____________  Noble gases are ____________  Carbon is classified as a _____________