Final Exam Review CORC 1332 / EESC 1010 Final Exam: Tuesday, 12/17/13 from 6:05-7:45pm in room 1310N Bring with you a #2 pencil, calculator, ruler, string and protractor (optional) during the final. No cell phones or other electronic devices are allowed. Students will be permitted into the exam UNTIL the first completed exam is turned in. After that no additional entries to the exam. BROOKLYN COLLEGE Earth & Environmental Sciences

Minerals Know the difference between a rock and a mineral. Definition of a Mineral: Definition of a rock: Please note: A mineral is any natural, inorganic (not living) solid, whose atoms are arranged in an orderly fashion (crystalline). As a result of the orderly arrangement of the atoms, the mineral has uniform composition throughout. Which is DIFFERENT than: Volcanic glass is an example of a natural, inorganic solids whose atoms are arranged randomly. BROOKLYN COLLEGE Earth & Environmental Sciences

Know how to use a chart of mineral properties to identify an unknown mineral (similar to HW assignment): l l Review mineral properties from the resource table at: **Be sure you are thoroughly familiar with the introductory page for each mineral property (ie: What is Hardness, Streak, Color, Breakage, Crystals, Density, MVP, MNVP) Review mineral families at: Be able to give examples of members in the mineral families. For example: Feldspar family includes Orthoclase, Albite, Labradorite, Anorthite BROOKLYN COLLEGE Earth & Environmental Sciences Minerals

BROOKLYN COLLEGE Earth & Environmental Sciences Mineral Properties ► KNOW HOW TO CALCULATE THE DENSITY OF A MINERAL. Density or specific gravity is the ratio of the weight of a substance to the weight of a equal volume of water. Density = Weight/Volume

Review for Maps You will be responsible to answer similar questions as you had on your map assignment. This includes: --Determining stream direction --Labeling contours --Finding the gradient --Determining azimuth direction --How to use the different scale bars to determine distance BROOKLYN COLLEGE Earth & Environmental Sciences

Maps: Determine Direction of Stream Protractor: used to determine azimuth readings BROOKLYN COLLEGE Earth & Environmental Sciences In what general direction is the stream flowing? Answer: From West to East (The legs of the letter V give you the direction of flow) Scale bar length = 100 miles Contour Interval = 50 feet Elevation of point Q = 583 feet Start Point: Q End Point: R

Maps: Distance Between Two Points Protractor What is the straight line distance between points Q and T in miles? BROOKLYN COLLEGE Earth & Environmental Sciences 1) We measure the scale with the ruler and now we know that 1.5 cm = 100 miles Scale bar length = 100 mile Contour Interval = 50 feet Elevation of point Q = 583 feet Start Point: Q End Point: R

Maps: Distance Between Two Points What is the straight line distance between points Q and T in miles? BROOKLYN COLLEGE Earth & Environmental Sciences 2) We measure the distance between the two points that is 8.5 cm = x miles Scale bar length = 100 miles Contour Interval = 50 ft Elevation of point Q = 583 ft Start Point: Q End Point: R

Maps: Distance Between 2 Points Calculations BROOKLYN COLLEGE Earth & Environmental Sciences

Maps: Distance Between 2 Points (MILES) Protractor Answer: The distance between points Q and T is 567 miles. BROOKLYN COLLEGE Earth & Environmental Sciences Scale bar length = 100 miles Contour Interval = 50 feet Elevation of point Q = 583 feet Start Point: Q End Point: R

Using the information given what is the elevation of contours ‘d’ and ‘k’? Scale bar length = 100 m Contour Interval = 50 feet Elevation of point Q = 583 feet Start Point: Q End Point: R Maps BROOKLYN COLLEGE Earth & Environmental Sciences

Answer: Contour ‘d’ = 400 ft Contour ‘k’ = 650 ft Maps Scale bar length = 100 m Contour Interval = 50 feet Elevation of point Q = 583 feet Start Point: Q End Point: R 500 BROOKLYN COLLEGE Earth & Environmental Sciences 500

Maps: Gradient of a Steam 1) Begin by measuring the length of the stream. Lay carefully a string along the course of the river. BROOKLYN COLLEGE Earth & Environmental Sciences Scale bar length = 100 miles Contour Interval = 50 feet Elevation of point Q = 583 feet Start Point: Q End Point: R Gradient refers to the steepness between two points. To calculate the gradient we take the difference in elevation (ED) and divide it by the horizontal distance (HD). First will determine the horizontal distance of the stream. What is the average gradient of the stream between points R and T?

Maps: Gradient of a Steam 2) Measure the string with a ruler, in this case the measurement is 5 4/16 inches which is equivalent to 5 1/4 in or 5.25 in. 4) Complete the calculations and solve for X (on left). The distance measured by the ruler is 884 miles which refers to the horizontal distance. BROOKLYN COLLEGE Earth & Environmental Sciences 3) Measure the scale bar in inches, 100miles = 19/32 in *19/32 was derived from measuring the scale bar from a screen shot- your measurements will vary depending on screen resolution.

Maps: Gradient of a Steam BROOKLYN COLLEGE Earth & Environmental Sciences Scale bar length = 100 miles Contour Interval = 50 feet Elevation of point Q = 583 feet Start Point: Q End Point: R Next, Determine the difference in elevation measuring the heights of points R and T. Begin by labeling all of the contours using the given information (below) and determine the contour interval of R and T.

Scale bar length = 100 m Contour Interval = 50 ft Elevation of point Q = 583 ft Start Point: Q End Point: R Maps: Gradient of a Steam 5) Find the difference between R and T (R = 500 ft, T = 400 ft) 500 ft ft = 100ft Difference in elevation is = 100ft 500 BROOKLYN COLLEGE Earth & Environmental Sciences f= 600 ft h= 650 ft k= 650 ft

Maps: Gradient of a Steam To Recap: Gradient or steepness between two points is the difference in elevation (ED) divided by the horizontal distance (HD): To Calculate Gradient: (Using the numbers from the previous slides) Difference in elevation (ED) = 100 feet Horizontal distance (HD) = 884 miles 100 ft 884 miles = 0.11 feet/mile Gradient= ED = HD *Gradient is equivalent to slope (m=y/x)* BROOKLYN COLLEGE Earth & Environmental Sciences

What is an outcrop? What is bedrock? What are the differences between the two? ► Bedrock is a layer of undisturbed rock usually located beneath a surface layer of soil or other material. ► A surface exposure of bedrock is called an outcrop. BROOKLYN COLLEGE Earth & Environmental Sciences

Locations w/in the NYC Metropolitan Area Be able to identify areas on the map. Could you: --Identify each borough, body of water and New Jersey? --Name the borough located furthest North, South, East West? BROOKLYN COLLEGE Earth & Environmental Sciences

Learn how to read a geologic map: For example: The rocks in the Bronx belong to the Manhattan, Fordham, and Inwood formations. The rocks in New Jersey belong to the Palisades and New Jersey “Redbeds” formations.

Longitude and Latitude Any point on a line of latitude is its position North or South of the equator. For example the Latitude of J is 5° 59’ 45” North (green arrow) Any point on a line of longitude is its position East or West of the Prime Meridian. For Example the Longitude of J is 71 o 00’ 00” West (pink arrow) BROOKLYN COLLEGE Earth & Environmental Sciences

Be familiar with the evidence Alfred Wegener cited to support the hypothesis of continental drift at: Understand the difference between a scientific theory and hypothesis: Know the contraction theory of mountain building, shown at: Understand what paleomagnetism is: Understand how the idea of convection cells is applied to the movements of crust and mantle. Know where the heat causing this movement comes from. BROOKLYN COLLEGE Earth & Environmental Sciences Plate Tectonics

Be thoroughly familiar with the characteristics of the different types of plate boundaries. You will have to review several web pages, starting with When you review the section on earthquakes and volcanism, starting at be conscious of which tectonic setting are associated with both kinds of event and which are associated with only one. Be sure you know what causes earthquakes. Be familiar with the phenomenon of intraplate volcanoes at Know the difference between the various types of earthquake waves and how the epicenter of an earthquake is located. See BROOKLYN COLLEGE Earth & Environmental Sciences Plate Tectonics

Fourth Dimension Review your Fourth Dimension assignment (short answer portion) Know the difference between Law of Superposition, unconformities, Law of Horizontality and how to apply them when looking at a cross section: Review transportation and depositional processes involving sediments: How to determine rock origin Understand the differences in the texture of igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary rocks. Terms to know (Texture, Crystalline, Clastic, glass, vesicular, non-vesicular) For example: If a geologist finds in the field a rock with poorly sorted grains with a clastic texture what class of rock would it belong too? Ans. Sedimentary BROOKLYN COLLEGE Earth & Environmental Sciences

DECIPHERING A SAMPLE OF EARTH HISTORY You will be given an example very similar to this and have to determine: --the sequence of events --appropriate law (ex. The relative age of Intrusion C and fault F-F can be determined by? Ans. Cross- cutting relationships.) --determine the age of a layer based on information given --Know what an unconformity represents. BROOKLYN COLLEGE Earth & Environmental Sciences

Topographic Features Describing Topography: If given a section of a map be able to explain the features of the topography. For example: Identify stream direction and 2 features on the sample map below. (dashed line = stream) Overhanging Cliff Gentle Slope-widely space contours Hill Steep Slope: narrow spaced contours Closed Depression BROOKLYN COLLEGE Earth & Environmental Sciences cribe_menu.html