1. نقشه های توپوگرافی
مهدی کرد

2. Map
نقشه:
تصویری افقی از کلیه نقاط عوارض و پدیده های طبییعی و یا مصنوعی بر روی یک برگ کاغذ می باشد.

3. انواع نقشه از نظر مقیاس:
نقشه های خیلی کوچک مقیاس
1:250, :500,000 1:1,000,000
نقشه های کوچک مقیاس
1:50,000 1:100,000
نقشه های میانه مقیاس
1:20,000 1:25,000
نقشه های بزرگ مقیاس
1:1,000 1:5,000

4. انواع نقشه نقشه های توپوگرافی نقشه های زمین شناسی نقشه های جغرافیایی
نقشه های پلانیمتری
نقشه های مخصوص
نقشه های ثبتی
نقشه های پلان

5. Topographic Maps

6. Understanding Topographic Maps
Topographic maps are two-dimensional representations of a portion of the three-dimensional surface of the earth.
Topography is the shape of the land surface, and topographic maps exist to represent the land surface.

7. Understanding Topographic Maps
Cartographers solve the problem of representing the three-dimensional land surface on a flat piece of paper by using contour lines, thus horizontal distances and vertical elevations can both be measured from a topographic map.

8. Local Topographic Map (1984)

9. Aerial Photo (1988)

10. Aerial Photo (1995)

11. Aerial Photo (2002)

12. Topographic Quadrangles
Quadrangles are sections of the Earth that are bounded by lines of
Latitude at the top (north) and bottom (south)
Longitude on the right (east) and left (west)

13. Topographic Quadrangles
Longitude and latitude are measured in degrees, minutes and seconds.
1 degree (o) = 60 minutes (‘)
1 minute = 60 seconds (“)

14. Compass Bearing A bearing is the direction from one point to another.
If direction is expressed in degrees east or west of north, it is called a “quadrant bearing.”
If direction is expressed in degrees between 0 and 360, it is called “azimuth bearing.”

15. Quadrant Bearing
N22oE
What is the bearing from C to D?

16. Azimuth Bearing
What is the bearing from A to B?

17. General Information
Map Scale: Maps come in a variety of scales, covering areas ranging from the entire earth to a city block (or less).

18. General Information
Vertical Scale (contour interval): All maps have a horizontal scale. Topographic maps also have a vertical scale to allow the determination of a point in three dimensional space.
Contour Lines: Contour lines are used to determine elevations and are lines on a map that are produced from connecting points of equal elevation (elevation refers to height in feet, or meters, above sea level).

19. Rules for Contour Lines

20. Rules for Contour Lines

21. Rules for Contour Lines

22. Rules for Contour Lines

23. Rules for Contour Lines

24. Rules for Contour Lines

25. Rules for Contour Lines

26. Contour Lines on Ridges and Valleys

27. Contour Lines on Closed Depressions

28. Contour Interval
The Contour Interval (CI) is the difference in elevation between two adjacent contour lines.
The CI can vary from map to map. Usually expressed in feet or meters.
Elevation is always referenced to Mean Sea Level (MSL).
MSL=0

29. Map Scale Several representations of scale exist:
Verbal: “one inch equals one mile”
Ratio: 1:24,000 means that the portion of the earth represented has been reduced to 1/24000th its actual size.
Graphic:

30. Calculating Gradient (or Slope)
Change in elevation between 2 points
Distance between 2 points
Gradient =
Gradient is usually expressed as ft/mi.

31. Topographic Profiles
Topographic maps represent a view of the landscape as seen from above (called “map view”).
For producing a detailed study of a landform it is necessary to construct a topographic profile.
A topographic profile is a cross-sectional view along a line drawn through a portion of a topographic map.

32. Creating Topographic Profiles
Draw a line from Point A to Point A’ where you want a cross-sectional view of the topography.

33. Creating Topographic Profiles
Lay a strip of paper along a line across the area where the profile is to be constructed.
Mark on the paper the exact place where each contour, stream and hill top crosses the profile line.
Label each mark with the elevation of the contour it represents.

34. Creating Topographic Profiles
e. Prepare a vertical scale on profile paper by labeling the horizontal lines corresponding to the elevation of each index contour line.

35. Creating Topographic Profiles
Place the paper with the labeled contour lines at the bottom of the profile paper and project each contour to the horizontal line of the same elevation.
Connect the points.

36. Vertical Exaggeration
Vertical Scale Horizontal Scale
VE =
Example: VE = 1:2000/1:4000 = 2
This means... "the vertical relief of the terrain portrayed in this profile view is exaggerated two-fold relative to its actual profile in the real-world".

37. Vertical Exaggeration