Standardized Test Prep Resources Chapter Presentation Visual Concepts Transparencies Standardized Test Prep

Objectives Chapter 10 At The Bell: Section 1 Discovery of DNA Chapter 10 Relate how Griffith’s bacterial experiments showed that a hereditary factor was involved in transformation. Summarize how Avery’s experiments led his group to conclude that DNA is responsible for transformation in bacteria. Describe how Hershey and Chase’s experiment led to the conclusion that DNA, not protein, is the hereditary molecule in viruses. At The Bell: Tell me one thing that you know about DNA (How it is passed from generation to generation, its structure, etc.)

What is the genetic material? Scientists wanted to determine what the hereditary material is. Scientists thought it could be either DNA, protein, or RNA. By completing experiments, scientists finally determined DNA to be the hereditary material.

Griffith’s Experiments Section 1 Discovery of DNA Chapter 10 Griffith’s Experiments Showed that hereditary material can pass from one bacterial cell to another. Injected different strains of pneumonia into mice. The transfer of genetic material from one cell to another cell or from one organism to another organism is called transformation.

Griffith’s Discovery of Transformation Section 1 Discovery of DNA Chapter 10 Griffith’s Discovery of Transformation

Section 1 Discovery of DNA Chapter 10 Transformation Video Clip

Section 1 Discovery of DNA Chapter 10 Avery’s Experiments Avery’s work showed that DNA is the hereditary material that transfers information between bacterial cells. Avery destroyed RNA, DNA, and proteins in 3 separate experiments. Cells with missing RNA and protein transformed the cells, killing the mice. Cells with missing DNA could not be transformed, and mice lived.

Avery’s Experiment

Hershey-Chase Experiment Section 1 Discovery of DNA Chapter 10 Hershey-Chase Experiment Hershey and Chase confirmed that DNA, and not protein, is the hereditary material. Used Bacteriophages to determine that DNA enters the bacterial cells and not the protein.

The Hershey-Chase Experiment Chapter 10 Section 1 Discovery of DNA The Hershey-Chase Experiment

Hershey and Chase’s Experiments Section 1 Discovery of DNA Chapter 10 Hershey and Chase’s Experiments Video Clip

Objectives Chapter 10 At the Bell: Section 2 DNA Structure Chapter 10 Objectives Evaluate the contributions of Franklin and Wilkins in helping Watson and Crick discover DNA’s double helix structure. Describe the three parts of a nucleotide. Summarize the role of covalent and hydrogen bonds in the structure of DNA. Relate the role of the base-pairing rules to the structure of DNA. At the Bell: Who discovered that DNA and not protein is the hereditary material by using bacteriophages? Explain the experiment.

Section 2 DNA Structure Chapter 10 DNA Double Helix Watson and Crick created a model of DNA by using Franklin’s and Wilkins’s DNA diffraction X-rays.

Section 2 DNA Structure Chapter 10 DNA Structure DNA is made of two antiparallel strands that wrap around each other in the shape of a double helix.

Technical Description of DNA

Nucleotides are made of: 5-carbon deoxyribose sugar Phosphate group Section 2 DNA Structure Chapter 10 DNA Components Nucleotides are made of: 5-carbon deoxyribose sugar Phosphate group Nitrogenous base

Structure of a Nucleotide Section 2 DNA Structure Chapter 10 Structure of a Nucleotide

DNA Nucleotides Bonds Hold DNA Together Section 2 DNA Structure Chapter 10 DNA Nucleotides Bonds Hold DNA Together Nucleotides along each DNA strand are linked by covalent bonds. Complementary nitrogenous bases are bonded by hydrogen bonds.

Complementary Bases There are Four different nitrogenous bases: Section 2 DNA Structure Chapter 10 Complementary Bases There are Four different nitrogenous bases: Adenine Cytosine Thymine Guanine Adenine and Thymine always pair up. Cytosine and Guanine always pair up. Hydrogen bonding holds the two strands of a DNA molecule together.

Purines and Pyrimidines

Complementary Base Pairing Section 2 DNA Structure Chapter 10 Complementary Base Pairing

DNA practice problems Given the following DNA sequence, determine the corresponding DNA strand… 1) A T C C G A 4) G C T A G A 2) T C C A G T 5) T A G C C T 3) A C G A T C 6) A G T A G C

Cool DNA Info. DNA Trivia

Practice Problems in Text Book Page 195, problems 1 and 2 Page 199, Problems 2, 3, 5, and 9

At the bell: April 7 What model reflects DNA replication? Objectives: DNA activity sheet

Talk for two minutes to your friends about your vacation. At The Bell: April 6 What are the four different types of nitrogenous bases? Which ones pair together? Talk for two minutes to your friends about your vacation.

Objectives Chapter 10 Summarize the process of DNA replication. Section 3 DNA Replication Chapter 10 Objectives Summarize the process of DNA replication. Identify the role of enzymes in the replication of DNA. Describe how complementary base pairing guides DNA replication. Compare the number of replication forks in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells during DNA replication. Describe how errors are corrected during DNA replication.

Replication DNA has to copy itself… Remember how long DNA is in one cell?

How DNA Replication Occurs Section 3 DNA Replication Chapter 10 How DNA Replication Occurs DNA replication is the process by which DNA is copied in a cell before a cell divides. When does this happen?

How DNA Replication Occurs Section 3 DNA Replication Chapter 10 How DNA Replication Occurs Steps of DNA Replication 1. Replication begins with the separation of the DNA strands by helicases. 2. Then, DNA polymerases add complementary nucleotides to each of the original strands.

Section 3 DNA Replication Chapter 10 DNA Replication

DNA Replication Replication Video Cool 3-D Video Chapter 10 Section 3 DNA Replication Chapter 10 DNA Replication Replication Video Cool 3-D Video

How DNA Replication Occurs Section 3 DNA Replication Chapter 10 How DNA Replication Occurs semi-conservative replication Each new DNA molecule is made of one old strand and one new strand.

Replication Forks Increase the Speed of Replication Section 3 DNA Replication Chapter 10 Replication Forks Increase the Speed of Replication

DNA Errors in Replication Section 3 DNA Replication Chapter 10 DNA Errors in Replication Changes in DNA are called mutations. DNA proofreading and repair prevent many replication errors.

DNA Errors in Replication Section 3 DNA Replication Chapter 10 DNA Errors in Replication DNA Replication and Cancer Unrepaired mutations that affect genes that control cell division can cause diseases such as cancer.

Small Quiz on Friday!!

At the Bell: Wednesday, April 7 What enzyme is used to add nucleotides onto the old strand of DNA?

Section 4 Protein Synthesis Chapter 10 Objectives Outline the flow of genetic information in cells from DNA to protein. Compare the structure of RNA with that of DNA. Describe the importance of the genetic code. Compare the role of mRNA, rRNA, and tRNA in translation. Identify the importance of learning about the human genome.

Flow of Genetic Information Section 4 Protein Synthesis Chapter 10 Flow of Genetic Information The flow of genetic information can be symbolized as… DNA RNA protein

RNA Structure and Function Section 4 Protein Synthesis Chapter 10 RNA Structure and Function RNA has the sugar ribose instead of deoxyribose uracil in place of thymine. RNA is single stranded and is shorter than DNA.

Section 4 Protein Synthesis Chapter 10 Comparing DNA and RNA

RNA Structure and Function Section 4 Protein Synthesis Chapter 10 RNA Structure and Function Types of RNA Three major types: messenger RNA (mRNA) ribosomal RNA (rRNA) transfer RNA (tRNA)

RNA Structure and Function Section 4 Protein Synthesis Chapter 10 RNA Structure and Function mRNA carries the genetic “message” from the nucleus to the cytosol. rRNA is the major component of ribosomes. tRNA carries specific amino acids, helping to form polypeptides.

Section 4 Protein Synthesis Chapter 10 Types of RNA

Section 4 Protein Synthesis Chapter 10 Transcription During transcription, DNA acts as a template for directing the synthesis of RNA.

Section 4 Protein Synthesis Chapter 10 Transcription

Section 4 Protein Synthesis Chapter 10 Genetic Code The nearly universal genetic code identifies the specific amino acids coded for by each three-nucleotide mRNA codon.

Translation Steps of Translation Chapter 10 Section 4 Protein Synthesis Chapter 10 Translation Steps of Translation During translation, amino acids are assembled from information encoded in mRNA. As the mRNA codons move through the ribosome, tRNAs add specific amino acids to the growing polypeptide chain. The process continues until a stop codon is reached and the newly made protein is released.

Translation: Assembling Proteins Section 4 Protein Synthesis Chapter 10 Translation: Assembling Proteins

Translation: Assembling Proteins, continued Section 4 Protein Synthesis Chapter 10 Translation: Assembling Proteins, continued

Section 4 Protein Synthesis Chapter 10 The Human Genome The entire gene sequence of the human genome, the complete genetic content, is now known. To learn where and when human cells use each of the proteins coded for in the approximately 30,000 genes in the human genome will take much more analysis.

Multiple Choice 1. For which of the following is DNA responsible? Chapter 10 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice 1. For which of the following is DNA responsible? A. directing RNA to make lipids B. directing RNA to produce glucose C. encoding information for making proteins D. encoding information for changing the genetic code

Multiple Choice, continued Chapter 10 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued 1. For which of the following is DNA responsible? A. directing RNA to make lipids B. directing RNA to produce glucose C. encoding information for making proteins D. encoding information for changing the genetic code

Multiple Choice, continued Chapter 10 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued 2. Where is RNA found? F. only in proteins G. only in the nucleus H. only in the cytoplasm J. in the nucleus and cytoplasm

Multiple Choice, continued Chapter 10 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued 2. Where is RNA found? F. only in proteins G. only in the nucleus H. only in the cytoplasm J. in the nucleus and cytoplasm

Multiple Choice, continued Chapter 10 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued 3. What is the basic unit of DNA called? A. sugar B. nucleotide C. phosphate D. nucleic acid

Multiple Choice, continued Chapter 10 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued 3. What is the basic unit of DNA called? A. sugar B. nucleotide C. phosphate D. nucleic acid

Multiple Choice, continued Chapter 10 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued 4. Which of the following nucleic acids is involved in translation? F. DNA only G. mRNA only H. DNA and mRNA J. mRNA and tRNA

Multiple Choice, continued Chapter 10 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued 4. Which of the following nucleic acids is involved in translation? F. DNA only G. mRNA only H. DNA and mRNA J. mRNA and tRNA

Multiple Choice, continued Chapter 10 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued 5. What is the ratio of purines to pyrimidines for these organisms? A. about 1:1 B. about 1:2 C. about 1:3 D. about 1:4 The table below shows the percentage of bases in some organisms. Use the table to answer the questions that follow.

Multiple Choice, continued Chapter 10 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued The table below shows the percentage of bases in some organisms. Use the table to answer the questions that follow. 5. What is the ratio of purines to pyrimidines for these organisms? A. about 1:1 B. about 1:2 C. about 1:3 D. about 1:4

Multiple Choice, continued Chapter 10 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued The table below shows the percentage of bases in some organisms. Use the table to answer the questions that follow. 6. Within each organism, which nucleotides are found in similar percentages? F. A and T, G and C G. A and C, G and T H. A and C, G and U J. A and G, T and U

Multiple Choice, continued Chapter 10 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued The table below shows the percentage of bases in some organisms. Use the table to answer the questions that follow. 6. Within each organism, which nucleotides are found in similar percentages? F. A and T, G and C G. A and C, G and T H. A and C, G and U J. A and G, T and U

Multiple Choice, continued Chapter 10 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued 7. mRNA : uracil :: DNA : A. guanine B. thymine C. adenine D. cytosine

Multiple Choice, continued Chapter 10 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued 7. mRNA : uracil :: DNA : A. guanine B. thymine C. adenine D. cytosine

Multiple Choice, continued Chapter 10 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued The model below represents a DNA molecule undergoing DNA replication. Use the model to answer the question that follows. 8. Which part of the model represents DNA helicase? F. 1 G. 2 H. 3 J. 4

Multiple Choice, continued Chapter 10 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued The model below represents a DNA molecule undergoing DNA replication. Use the model to answer the question that follows. 8. Which part of the model represents DNA helicase? F. 1 G. 2 H. 3 J. 4

Chapter 10 Standardized Test Prep Short Response DNA is made up of two strands of subunits called nucleotides. The two strands are twisted around each other in a double helix shape. Explain why the structure of a DNA molecule is sometimes described as a zipper.

Short Response, continued Chapter 10 Standardized Test Prep Short Response, continued DNA is made up of two strands of subunits called nucleotides. The two strands are twisted around each other in a double helix shape. Explain why the structure of a DNA molecule is sometimes described as a zipper. Answer: DNA is often described as a zipper because the two strands of DNA look like each lengthwise half of a zipper and the bases and hydrogen bonds between the strands look like the “teeth” of a zipper.

Extended Response DNA can be damaged by mistakes made during its Chapter 10 Standardized Test Prep Extended Response DNA can be damaged by mistakes made during its replication. The mistakes are called mutations. Part A Explain eukaryotic DNA replication. Part B Explain how a mutation during replication can affect a protein that is synthesized.

Extended Response, continued Chapter 10 Standardized Test Prep Extended Response, continued Answer: Part A During DNA replication, each strand serves as a template. DNA replication begins when helicase enzymes separate the DNA strands. DNA polymerases add complementary nucleotides to each of the original DNA strands. The DNA polymerases are then released. Two DNA molecules identical to the original DNA molecule result. Part B When mistakes in DNA replication occur, the base sequence of the newly formed DNA differs from that of the original DNA, changing the original code on the DNA. When the mutated DNA is transcribed, the sequence of bases on the mRNA is incorrect. Translating the incorrect mRNA can result in an incorrect amino acid which can affect the protein’s structure and ultimately its function.

Section 2 DNA Structure Chapter 10 DNA Nucleotides

RNA Structure and Function Section 4 Protein Synthesis Chapter 10 RNA Structure and Function

Section 4 Protein Synthesis Chapter 10 Genetic Code