Kodachrome Basin State Park: Another of the ‘red rock’ parks of southern Utah, with the usual semi-arid landscape. This park is renowned for its ‘hoodoos’, solitary projections of hard rock, most of which have fanciful names. ~ 20 miles NE of Bryce Canyon National Park, off Utah Rte 12.

Waste Disposal -- A Problem in 3 Parts 1. Garbage 2. Hazardous Waste b. modern disposal options 3. Equity Issues: Environmental Justice?

Current Technology and Past Failures Facts: –Modern regulations were phased in after 1965 –“Age of chemicals” began in 1945 –Lots of chemicals were used - and disposed of - before 1965 and even before 1945 Consequences –Numerous unregulated sites contained hazardous wastes by 1965 –A few more were added before regulations became firm

Constructing the Trenches :

Covering the Trenches

What is a Secure Hazwaste Landfill?

Modern HazWaste Landfills in the U.S.

Chemical Waste Management (6) EnviroSafe Services (2) Laidlaw Environmental Services (7) MAX Environmental Technologies Peoria Disposal Texas Ecologists U. S. Ecology Waste Control Specialists Wayne Disposal, Inc 9 Companies Run These 21 Hazwaste Landfills

Landfilling Alternatives: Incineration Advantages –Destroys waste –Minimizes landfilling –Can generate energy Co-incineration Waste-to-energy systems Disadvantages –Not suitable for all waste streams Wet wastes require fuel –Suitable wastes can also be recycled Paper Polyethylene – Effluents are gases Hard to control Widely dispersed –Ash may be very toxic Must be landfilled –Burning generates additional toxicants Dioxins

Hazardous Wastes: Possibilities for Recycling and Re-Use Recycling –Refashions discarded materials into something else Rubber tires into asphalt –Energy savings may be considerable 90% for aluminum –Problems with complex materials Waste streams are usually complex –Liability issues Re-Use –Material is used for same purpose –Most commonly industrial Solvents Precursor chemicals –vinyl chloride –Liability issues –Trade secrets –Processes often create hazards

Recycling electronic waste from the US in Ghana, India and China

Garbage is international - and so are hazardous wastes

W Sahara Angola Somalia Zimbabwe Gabon North Korea Burma Laos Afghanistan U.S.A.