Three sources of map distortion Map scale – most maps are smaller than the reality they represent. Map scales tell us how much smaller. Map scale – most maps are smaller than the reality they represent. Map scales tell us how much smaller. Map projection – this occurs because you must transform the curved surface of the earth on a flat plane. Map projection – this occurs because you must transform the curved surface of the earth on a flat plane. Map type – you can display the same information on different types of maps. Map type – you can display the same information on different types of maps.

Map scale – tells us relationship between distance on map and distance on earth’s surface Ratio scale = ratio of map distance to earth distance. Ratio scale = ratio of map distance to earth distance. 1:10,000 means that one inch on the map equals 10,000 inches earth’s surface; one centimeter represents 10,000 centimeters; or one foot equals 10,000 feet. 1:10,000 means that one inch on the map equals 10,000 inches earth’s surface; one centimeter represents 10,000 centimeters; or one foot equals 10,000 feet. Recall a small fraction has a large denominator so that 1:100,000 is a smaller scale than 1:25,000. Recall a small fraction has a large denominator so that 1:100,000 is a smaller scale than 1:25,000. A large-scale map depicts a small area with great detail. A large-scale map depicts a small area with great detail. A small-scale map depicts a larger area with little detail. Distortion is especially severe here. A small-scale map depicts a larger area with little detail. Distortion is especially severe here.

Which is the large- scale map? A. B. C. D.

1. Which map scale shows the most detail? a. 1:250,000b. 1:24,000 c. 1:100,000d. 1:62, A map with a large scale usually shows a. a large amount of land space b. a small amount of land space c. physical features only of a land space d. the local-global continuum e. political boundaries between countries only

the other Scale Refers to at what scale a process occurs – Refers to at what scale a process occurs – For example, while the storm didn’t make the national news, at the local scale it was a major story. For example, while the storm didn’t make the national news, at the local scale it was a major story.

Distribution Density Density Concentration Concentration Pattern Pattern

Distribution definition The arrangement of something across earth’s surface The arrangement of something across earth’s surface

RankCountryPopulation 1China1,313,661,696 2India1,129,866,154 3United States300,535,217 4Indonesia241,973,879 5Brazil186,112,794 6Pakistan162,419,946 7Bangladesh144,319,628 8Russia143,420,309

RankCountryArea – km2 1Russia17,098,242 3China9,640,821 4United States9,629,091 5Brazil8,514,877 7India3,287,263 16Indonesia1,904,569 36Pakistan880,254 94Bangladesh143,998

Population Density

Population Density - Asia

Density of Population, 2005

Brazil

Australia, dot = 1000 people

India

Population Density

Spatial Distribution Definition: The regular arrangement of a phenomenon across Earth’s surface. Definition: The regular arrangement of a phenomenon across Earth’s surface. Density: The frequency with which something exists within a given unit of area. Density: The frequency with which something exists within a given unit of area. Concentration: The spread of something over a given study area Concentration: The spread of something over a given study area Pattern: The geometric or regular arrangement of something in a study area Pattern: The geometric or regular arrangement of something in a study area

Describing Distributions

Land Ordinance of 1785

location, direction, distance site and situation

Toponym Place Name! Place Name!

Some Vocab: Absolute Direction Absolute Direction Absolute Distance Absolute Distance Absolute Location Absolute Location Relative Direction Relative Direction Relative Distance Relative Distance Relative Location Relative Location

Absolute location mathematical location Clemmons is: Clemmons is: 36 ⁰ 01’ 17.30” N (longitude) 36 ⁰ 01’ 17.30” N (longitude) 80 ⁰ 22’ 55.15” W (latitude) 80 ⁰ 22’ 55.15” W (latitude) 700 building 700 building 36 ⁰ 03’ 48.84” N 36 ⁰ 03’ 48.84” N 80 ⁰ 22’ 55.15“ W 80 ⁰ 22’ 55.15“ W

Site physical attributes (includes absolute location, but includes the physical setting; especially in urban geography) (includes absolute location, but includes the physical setting; especially in urban geography) What are the relevant site features of Clemmons? What are the relevant site features of Clemmons? Landforms Landforms Climate Climate Soil quality Soil quality Availability of water Availability of water Vegetation Vegetation

Relative location regional position relative to other places (general spatial interconnection and interdependence) (general spatial interconnection and interdependence) Clemmons is in the northwest piedmont section of Forsyth County Clemmons is in the northwest piedmont section of Forsyth County Davidson County is to the south Davidson County is to the south Davie County (Advance) is to the west Davie County (Advance) is to the west Winston-Salem is 10 miles to the east Winston-Salem is 10 miles to the east Exit off I-40 & Hwy 421 Exit off I-40 & Hwy 421

Situation location attributes (external relations, a type of relation location that refers to items of significance, especially in urban geography) (external relations, a type of relation location that refers to items of significance, especially in urban geography) Suburb of Winston-Salem, a bedroom community for persons working in the medical, bio technical/medical and aeronautical businesses in the Triad Suburb of Winston-Salem, a bedroom community for persons working in the medical, bio technical/medical and aeronautical businesses in the Triad I-40 and US 421, major transportation I-40 and US 421, major transportation

Absolute direction cardinal points N-S-E-W Clemmons is southwest of Winston-Salem. Clemmons is southwest of Winston-Salem.

Relative direction culturally based, not necessarily an accurate cardinal point Clemmons is in the “South”. Clemmons is in the “South”. Clemmons is … Clemmons is …

Absolute distance mathematical space between 2 points Clemmons is 10 miles (16km) from Winston-Salem. Clemmons is 10 miles (16km) from Winston-Salem.

Relative distance meaningful space measurement Clemmons is about 15 minutes from Winston-Salem. Clemmons is about 15 minutes from Winston-Salem. Clemmons is one hour from Mt. Airy. Clemmons is one hour from Mt. Airy.

“City of 2 Million” article

Vocabulary Time-Space Convergence Distance Decay Friction of Distance

Use the terms… 1. Describe the absolute location, absolute direction and absolute distance of a place of your choice. 2. Describe the relative location, relative direction and relative distance of the same place. 3. Describe the site. 4. Describe the situation.

1. Which of the following is not a measure of relative distance? a. 2,339 cmb. 35 seconds c. $2.50 cab rided. 216 footsteps e. 15 minutes

2. Relative location is an important geographic concept mainly because it a. locates places according to longitude and latitude b. defines a place in terms of how central or isolated it is to other places c. defines patterns of natural environment d. helps cartographers to develop more accurate maps e. illustrates how local, regional and global factors interact within the local-global continuum

Homework for tonight is Subway Activity #3

Diffusion The process by which an idea or innovation is transmitted from one individual or group to another across space - Fellman

People move to a new area and take their culture with them – examples include- crops, culture, farming techniques, building styles People move to a new area and take their culture with them – examples include- crops, culture, farming techniques, building styles Known as Relocation Diffusion Information about an innovation may spread through a society – examples include - Hybrid corn, Cd’s, a religious creed. Possibly through mass media advertisement— Information about an innovation may spread through a society – examples include - Hybrid corn, Cd’s, a religious creed. Possibly through mass media advertisement— Known as Expansion Diffusion

Relocation Diffusion

Type of Expansion Diffusion Contagious Diffusion Contagious Diffusion Hierarchical Diffusion Hierarchical Diffusion Stimulus Diffusion Stimulus Diffusion

Contagious Diffusion Diffusion that spreads like a disease – but not necessarily applying only to diseases! Diffusion that spreads like a disease – but not necessarily applying only to diseases! Affects nearly uniformly all individuals and areas outward from the source region Affects nearly uniformly all individuals and areas outward from the source region Examples – influenza, ideas on the world wide web; agriculture (like hybrid seeds), Buddhism (but not all religions), breaking news, Domino Theory Examples – influenza, ideas on the world wide web; agriculture (like hybrid seeds), Buddhism (but not all religions), breaking news, Domino Theory

Hierarchical Diffusion The spread of an idea from persons or nodes of authority or power to other persons or places The spread of an idea from persons or nodes of authority or power to other persons or places Examples- Birkenstocks, Christianity, styles of clothing, music Examples- Birkenstocks, Christianity, styles of clothing, music

Stimulus Diffusion A fundamental idea, though not the trait itself, stimulates imitative behavior A fundamental idea, though not the trait itself, stimulates imitative behavior Examples – creation of a unique Cherokee written language, Beta vs. VHS, Macs, Siberians domesticated reindeers (after seeing domesticated cattle) Examples – creation of a unique Cherokee written language, Beta vs. VHS, Macs, Siberians domesticated reindeers (after seeing domesticated cattle)

Diffusion? obileusa?v=nf5-Prx19ZM obileusa?v=nf5-Prx19ZM obileusa?v=nf5-Prx19ZM obileusa?v=nf5-Prx19ZM

Cultural Hearths An area where cultural traits develop and from which the cultural traits diffuse. An area where cultural traits develop and from which the cultural traits diffuse. Examples – Islam, agriculture, Examples – Islam, agriculture,

Time-Distance Decay The farther the place is from the hearth, the less likely an innovation is to be adopted. The farther the place is from the hearth, the less likely an innovation is to be adopted. The acceptance of an innovation becomes less likely the longer it takes to reach its potential adopters. The acceptance of an innovation becomes less likely the longer it takes to reach its potential adopters. Cultural barriers work against diffusion. Cultural barriers work against diffusion.

Types of Diffusion are not speed specific – no type of diffusion is particularly fast or slow Types of Diffusion are not speed specific – no type of diffusion is particularly fast or slow

S-Curve Diffusion of innovations Diffusion of innovations 3% - innovators, 13% early adopters, 68% majority, 16% laggards 3% - innovators, 13% early adopters, 68% majority, 16% laggards

Which of the following type of diffusion spreads the quickest? Which of the following type of diffusion spreads the quickest? a. Contagious Diffusion b. Hierarchical Diffusion c. Stimulus Diffusion d. Relocation Diffusion e. None of the answers

Rap music first appeared in New York in the 1970’s. Later, it spread to large cities with vibrant African- American populations – such as Los Angeles, Oakland, Chicago, and Detroit – without being absorbed by the smaller cities and rural areas in between. This type of spatial diffusion is called Rap music first appeared in New York in the 1970’s. Later, it spread to large cities with vibrant African- American populations – such as Los Angeles, Oakland, Chicago, and Detroit – without being absorbed by the smaller cities and rural areas in between. This type of spatial diffusion is called a. relocation potential b. hierarchical diffusion c. contagious diffusion d. cultural diffusion e. cascade diffusion

Which of the following is not a good example of a barrier to spatial diffusion? Which of the following is not a good example of a barrier to spatial diffusion? a. A mountain range b. A different language c. A different dietary preference d. A highway system e. A strict religious system

The Spanish-language concentration of Little Havana in Miami is an example of what type of diffusion? a. relocation diffusion b. expansion diffusion c. stimulus diffusion d. hierarchical diffusion

FRQ Practice – NO Notes Define and Give an example of Define and Give an example of – Relocation Diffusion – Hierarchical Diffusion – Stimulus Diffusion – Contagious Diffusion (diseases not allowed)