Operant Conditioning. Operant Conditioning – A form of learning in which voluntary responses come to be controlled by their consequences. What does this.

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Presentation transcript:

Operant Conditioning

Operant Conditioning – A form of learning in which voluntary responses come to be controlled by their consequences. What does this mean? Founded by B.F. Skinner

How did Skinner Study Operant Conditioning? Skinner Box – Small enclosure in which an animal can make a specific response that is systematically recorded while consequences of response are controlled How does the device work?

Operant Conditioning Principles Reinforcement – Occurs when the event following a response increases an organisms tendency to make a response ie.) response strengthened because of what follows Examples Punishment – Occurs when an event following a response weakens an organisms tendency to make response ie.) response weakened because of what follows Examples

Types of Reinforcement/Punishment 1.) Positive Reinforcement 2.) Negative Reinforcement 3.) Positive Punishment 4.) Negative Punishment How to remember: Reinforcement- behavior increases Punishment- behavior decreases Positive- something is added Negative- Something is removed

1.) Positive Reinforcement A response is strengthened because it is followed by a rewarding stimulus In skinner box, rats press lever more if they are rewarded with food Real World Examples:

2.) Negative Reinforcement A response is strengthened because it is followed by the removal of an unpleasant stimulus In skinner box, rat would press lever more to avoid a shock Real World Examples:

3.) Positive Punishment A response is weakened because it is followed by an unfavorable stimulus In Skinner box, rats would stop pressing lever if it was followed by a shock Real World Examples:

4.) Negative Punishment A response is weakened because it is followed by the removal of a pleasant stimulus Equate this with “Time out” Children stop acting out because their toys are removed Other Real World Examples:

How can Operant Procedures be used? Shaping – The reinforcement of closer and closer approximations of a desired response Family guy clip: Other examples:

Extinction Extinction – This term refers to the gradual weakening and disappearance of a response when it is no longer followed by reinforcement In Skinner box, rats would stop pressing lever if food was never delivered Real World Examples:

Schedules of Reinforcement - Pattern of presentation of reinforcers over time Continuous Reinforcement – Every Instance of a response is reinforced Ex.) every time rat presses lever, he receives food Intermittent Reinforcement- A response is only reinforced some of the time. 4 Types: 1. Fixed Ratio 2. Variable Ratio 3. Fixed Interval 4. Variable Interval

4 Types of Intermittent Reinforcement 1. Fixed Ratio 2. Variable Ratio 3. Fixed Interval 4. Variable Interval Terminology Breakdown Fixed – Reinforcement occurs after set # (of responses or hours) Variable- Reinforcement occurs after a varied # (of responses or hours) Ratio – Based on responses (# of times hit lever, for example) Interval – Based on time (# of hours passed, for example)

1.) Fixed Ratio A reinforcer is given after a set (or fixed) number of responses Examples: Rat receives food every 10th lever press

2.) Variable Ratio A reinforcer is given after varied number of responses Examples: Rat gets food, on average, every 10 th lever press

3.) Fixed Interval A reinforcer is given after a set (or fixed) time interval Examples: Rat given food for lever press every 2 minutes

4.) Variable Interval A reinforcer is given after a varied amount of time passes Examples: rat given food, on average, every 2 minutes.

Ratio Schedules = more rapid responding Why? Variable Schedules = greater resistance to extinction Why?