Kingdom Protista

What is a Protist?  unicellular or multicellular  anything except plants, animals, or fungi  65,000 species  Autotrophs, heterotrophs, or both

What is a Protist?  classified according to the way they move  Found in freshwater, marine, and moist habitats  many are free living but some are parasitic

Protist Reproduction 1. Most reproduce asexually by binary fission 2. Some species reproduce sexually by conjugation

Protist Classification 3 categories 1. animal-like 2. Fungus-like 3. Plant-like

Protist Classification  4 phyla based on movement 1. Sarcodina 2. Ciliophora 3. Zoomastigina 4. Sporozoa

Phylum Sarcodina  Move and obtain food via pseudopods (false feet)

Phylum Sarcodina  called sarcodines  Found in freshwater, marine, & moist soil habitats  reproduce by binary fission  No definite shape  EX.  Amoeba  amoebic dysentery – spread through contaminated water

Phylum Sarcodina Amoeba Video

Phylum Sarcodina Paramecium Video

Amoeba pseudopodia engulfing a paramecium

Phylum Ciliphora  Largest group; called ciliates  Move by cilia Cilia  short hairlike projections used to move, get food, and senses  Mostly freshwater; some marine

Phylum Ciliphora  Reproduce sexually or asexually  Paramecium is best example

Phylum Zoomastigina  Called zooflagellates  Move by flagella Flagella  long whiplike structures to move  Freshwater or marine  Usually live inside other organisms – contaminated water

Phylum Zoomastigina  Some are parasites – trypanosome, causes African sleeping sickness  Spread by the bite of the tsetse fly

Phylum Zoomastigina  some are mutalistic Mutalistic—> symbiotic relationship where both organisms benefit  Trichonympha lives inside termites & digests cellulose

Phylum Sporozoa  Called sporozoans - parasites  Form spores spore  reproductive structure adapted for dispersion  Don’t move; carried from one host to another  Live in the body fluids of hosts

Phylum Sporozoa  Malaria – caused by the plasmodium sporozoan  Carries by the female anopheles mosquito  #1 killer worldwide  Every 30 seconds, child dies of malaria

Plant like Protists  algae  autotrophs  Mostly unicellular  Unicellular to very large  Produce most of the oxygen on earth - photosynthesis

Plant like Protists Used to make a variety of products As a thickening agent in puddings, ice cream Used as food for animals (processed)

Diatoms  Important food source in oceans  Shells are made of silica – used to make glass  Form diatomaceous earth  diatomaceous earth  abrasive and used in detergents, toothpaste, insecticides, etc.

A Diatom devours a Paramecium

Dinoflagellates  90% marine  Bioluminescence – produce light  Poisonous  red tides which can be harmful to shellfish

Red Tides

Euglena  Freshwater  Animal and plant like – contains chloroplasts

Fungus like Protists  Heterotrophs and have cell walls  Reproduce by spores  decomposers  Not a fungus because they can move at some point  EX.  mildew and water molds

Water mold on dead larvae?

IMPORTANCE OF PROTISTS ECOLOGICAL ROLES Provide an essential food base in aquatic food chains Carry out more than 30-40% of Earth’s photosynthesis Protozoans help keep the number of bacteria in check

Kingdom Fungi

What is a Fungus?   multicellular heterotrophs  live on dead organisms - saprophyte  decompose and recycle nutrients  Reproduce by spores

What is a Fungus?  Grow in warm, moist environments  yeast, mushrooms, and molds

Fungus Parts 1. Hyphae  thin cells of a fungus  Grow into food and secrete digestive chemicals into it 2. Mycelium  many hyphae tangled together – the body

Fungus Parts 3. Fruiting body  part that you see growing from the soil  Reproductive structure - contains the spores

Fungus Parts

How are Fungi spread?  Spores can be dispersed mostly by wind, but also by rain drops, animals, insects, water

Sporangia mold

Eyelash Fungus

Bread Mold

Puffball mushroom releasing spores

Fungal Diseases  Many are harmless and easy to treat  fusarium  serious fungal infection of the cornea

Fungal Diseases  Ringworm  affects the skin; usually the scalp  Athelete’s foot  tinea infection between the toes

Athlete’s Foot

Ringworm

Ringworm