Module VI

Moral Reasoning in Addiction Publishing

Ethics of virtue and character Ethics of virtue and character Ethics of individual acts and rights Ethics of individual acts and rights Social ethics in service of the common Social ethics in service of the commongood Ethical Traditions Applicable to Publication Ethics

Nuremberg Code: 1949 Helsinki Declaration 1964 The scientist’s obligations to individual subjects take precedence over any obligations to the stateThe scientist’s obligations to individual subjects take precedence over any obligations to the state There are different moral implications to therapeutic and non-therapeutic researchThere are different moral implications to therapeutic and non-therapeutic research Informed consent of the subject is morally essentialInformed consent of the subject is morally essential Only qualified persons should conduct researchOnly qualified persons should conduct research

General Ethical Principles Respect for persons Autonomy and self-determination Meaningful informed and voluntary consent Beneficence Maximizing benefits by promoting the well- being of subjects and society Non-maleficence Minimizing harm Justice Persons bearing burden of research should receive appropriate benefits: subjects should not be placed at risk merely because of convenient access, their compromised position, or ability to be manipulated. Ethical principles and Guidelines for the Protection of Human Subjects of Research (Belmont Report 1979)

1 Checklist for Analysis of Critical Incidents Incident/situation 1 Whose interests are involved; who can be harmed? Which interests, if any, are in conflict? interests and vulnerabilities significantmoderate minimal / none yourself co-workers institution professional field science / society

2 Application of Universal Values ____ Autonomy (freedom over one's own destiny) ____ Beneficence (do good; help others) ____ Non-maleficence (don't hurt anyone) ____ Justice (be fair; distribute by merit) ____ Obedience (obey legal and ethically permissible directives) ____ Conscientious refusal (disobey illegal or unethical directives) ____ Gratitude (pass good along to others) ____ Competence (be knowledgeable and skilled) ____ Stewardship (use resources wisely) ____ Honesty and candor (tell the truth) ____ Fidelity (keep your promises) ____ Loyalty (don't abandon) ____ Diligence (work hard) ____ Discretion (respect confidence and privacy) ____ Self-improvement (be the best that you can be) ____ Restitution (make amends to persons injured) ____ Self-interest (protect yourself) ____ Other culture-specific values

3 What Laws, Standards, Policies, Practice Guidelines, Historical Practices should Guide us in this Situation? Copyright laws Copyright laws Review Board/Ethics Committee standards Review Board/Ethics Committee standards Professional policy documents Professional policy documents

Toward a Moral Compass Patients/subjects Patients/subjects –Do no harm –Benefit the participant The scientific community The scientific community –Transparency –Honesty –Accuracy

Procedures to Prevent or Resolve Moral Dilemmas Ethical reviewEthical review Risk-benefit analysisRisk-benefit analysis Informed consentInformed consent Peer reviewPeer review Uniform requirements for attributing authorship creditsUniform requirements for attributing authorship credits Professional ethics: ISAJE GuidelinesProfessional ethics: ISAJE Guidelines

Risk/Benefit Analysis Age, gender, socioeconomic statusAge, gender, socioeconomic status Current or prior substance abuse problemCurrent or prior substance abuse problem Family history and other indicators of riskFamily history and other indicators of risk Medical and psychological statusMedical and psychological status Availability of backup servicesAvailability of backup services Provisions for de-briefing of subjectsProvisions for de-briefing of subjects Formal and informal coercion to participateFormal and informal coercion to participate

Responsible Performance of Research Choice of research questionChoice of research question Research design to avoid subjectivity and minimize biasResearch design to avoid subjectivity and minimize bias Unbiased collection of dataUnbiased collection of data Data management, storage, retrieval and ownershipData management, storage, retrieval and ownership Analysis of dataAnalysis of data

Reporting of Findings Review of literature and citation proceduresReview of literature and citation procedures Crediting previous workCrediting previous work Interpretation of findingsInterpretation of findings Sharing research materials, data and informationSharing research materials, data and information Duplicate and fragmented publicationDuplicate and fragmented publication Avoidance of premature reporting or publishingAvoidance of premature reporting or publishing  Reporting in the public media