1. Ethical Dilemma
Research that is most likely to reveal something important about human nature is also the most likely to violate human rights.
A number of high-profile ethical dilemmas came to light in the 20th century.

2. Video: Evolving Concerns
Available on Youtube
Jot down each major event and a few notes about what happened.

3. Major Errors in Biomedical and Psychological Research

4. Nuremberg Code
10-Point code of medical ethics made by prosecutors of war criminals at Nuremberg.
No laws existed in Western nations to make the kinds of medical research practiced by the Germans illegal.
Most countries were slow to accept that such laws or codes were necessary. (“Our doctors would never do anything so unethical”)

5. 3 Guiding Principles for Ethical Research with Humans (published 1979)
Belmont Report
3 Guiding Principles for Ethical Research with Humans (published 1979)

6. #1 Respect for Persons
Individuals should be treated as autonomous agents.
Individuals with diminished autonomy are entitled to protection.
Question: In what kinds of ways might someone have diminished autonomy?

7. #2 Beneficence
Do no harm.
Maximize benefit; minimize risk.

8. #3 Justice
Who aught to receive the benefits of research and who aught to bear its burden?

9. Applications

10. Informed Consent Information about the study.
Incomplete disclosure may be acceptable if:
It is necessary to accomplish the goals.
There is no undisclosed risk greater than minimal.
There is a plan for debriefing.
Comprehension
Voluntariness

11. 2. Assessment of Risks and Benefits
The nature and scope of risks and benefits. (to whom and how great, etc.)
Cost/benefit analysis.
Systematic assessment of risk and benefit.
Must take it very seriously!

12. 3. Selection of Subjects
Fair procedures and outcomes in the selection of research subjects.
Individual fairness and social justice.

13. Institutional Review Board
Committee responsible for ensuring ethical practices in research.

14. Ethical Use of Animals Justification of Research Trained Personnel
Care and Housing Regulations
Lawful and Humane Acquisition of Animals
Humane Experimental Procedures
Ethical Field Research
Justified Educational Use of Animals