Chapter 2 “Population”

“A study of Population is the basis for understanding a wide variety of issues in human geography. To study the challenge of increasing the food supply, reducing pollution, and encouraging economic growth, geographers must ask where and why a region’s population is distributed as it is.”

Population of the World

World Population Cartogram This cartogram displays countries by the size of their population rather than their land area. (Only countries with 50 million or more people are named.)

Population Concentrations: East Asia – 1/5 of the world’s population China, Japan, Korea, Taiwan China – Pacific Coast – Rural Japan/South Korea – Urban South Asia -1/5 of the world’s population India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka Mainly on Coastlines and Ganges and Indus River Southeast Asia - Philippines, Indonesia Islands – Rural The 3 Asia’s above have over 50% of the world’s population on 10% of the land.

Europe - 1/9 of world’s population Urban 48 countries and European Russia Industry, roads, well developed Sparse Population: Too Dry, Too Cold, Too Wet, Too High What does Ecumene mean?

Expansion of the Ecumene 5000 B.C.–A.D The ecumene, or the portion of the Earth with permanent human settlement, has expanded to cover most of the world’s land area.

Arithmetic Population Density Arithmetic population density is …

Physiological Density Physiological density is ….

MDCs (More Developed Countries) – … Why? LDCs (Less Developed Countries) – … Why is their population growing even though they cannot afford it?

Three important facts about Population:

Demography – …

Two of the most basic factors that affect Population are Birth rates (sometimes called Crude Birth Rates) and Death rates – called Vital Statistics. BR-DR=NI (Natural Increase) BR-DR=Z.P.G. (zero population growth) Which countries are at or near Z.P.G.? Let’s go through reasons why: 1.Birth Rates are High 2.Birth Rates are Low 3.Death Rates are High 4.Death Rates are Low

Natural Increase Rates The natural increase rate (NIR) is ….

Crude Birth Rates The crude birth rate (CBR) is ….

Crude Death Rates The crude death rate (CDR) is ….

People that are in favour of population growth and do not believe that a large Population is a good thing are called: Pro-Natalist. People that are against large populations are called Anti-Natalist. How does the role of women play a role in Population Growth?

Anti-Natalist give the following reasons:

Pro-Natalist give these reasons:

A model has been created to describe what happens as a country goes through various stages of birth rates and death rates. The model is called the Demographic Transition Model. There is a separate slide show on this later on. A type of graph called a Population Pyramid was created to visually show the relationship of the age structure of a country and its male/female distribution. There is a separate slide show on this topic as well.

World natural increase for 1960 – 2.0% In 1992 it was 1.7% This still added 95 million people per year (based on a base of 6 billion) That’s people a day per hour 180 per minute 3 per second

Declining natural increase rate does not mean a declining population 1.7% of 6 billion (1990) is more than 2.0% of 3 billion (1960) … This is called Population Momentum For example – Which is greater?: a. You receive $1000 a day for 30 days OR b. You receive 1cent on the first day, 2 cents on the second, 4 on the 3 rd and 8 on the 4 th.

The ‘a’ example will get you $ The ‘b’ example will get you $ ! Example ‘b’ grows in a compound fashion. Its growth depends on the previous days growth – that is how population grows.

Birth rates and Death rates are affected by the age-composition of the population and this could lead to some confusion. For example:…. Birth rates and Death rates are still the most important and easily understood of all the vital statistics, but it is worth looking at other types of vital statistics.

So population can be measured in other ways: Two are: the total fertility rate (TFR) and the life expectancy at birth. The total fertility rate is …

… … …

Total Fertility Rates The Total fertility rate (TFR) is …

TFR – Total Fertility Rate

“Replacement level” fertility (the level at which each person on average has a single successor in the next generation) corresponds to a TFR of about 2.1 under low death rate conditions. It would normally be 2.0 but the.1 is added to take into account the children that do not make it to adulthood.

Life expectancy at birth is …. … … …

Infant mortality rate is …. … …

Infant Mortality Rates The infant mortality rate is ….

Population Projections – The Future B to 6.2B by 2000 and 8.5B by “high” estimate 9.1B; “low” estimate 7.9B. Birth rates are expected to decline from 26/1000 in 1990 to 22/1000 in 2000 and 17/1000 by 2025.

Because of the increasing number of elderly, death rates are not expected to fall much. 9/1000 in 1990 to 8/1000 in Life expectancy is expected to increase from 65 years (1990) to 79 years (2025). Important to note that these are world averages; the pattern is not uniform geographically.

Rate of Increase (%) Doubling Time (yrs.) Example (1998) Ireland United States China Costa Rica Yemen 2000 yrs. ago – 250 million: doubling time 16 centuries (1650) 1650 – 500 million: doubling time 170 yrs. (1820) … 2000 – doubling time reduced to 35 yrs. (>6 billion currently) Doubling Time = 70 / Pop. Growth Rate

When studying Demographic Trends the following are issues that are facing us in the future. They all happen to be environmental: - Water - Deforestation - Desertification - Soil Degradation - Strain on Agriculture - Climate Change

The Demographic Trends

Aging

Youth Bulge

Migration

Urbanization

Health

Vocabulary List

Unit II. Population—Basic Vocabulary and Concepts Population Age distribution Carrying capacity Cohort Demographic equation Demographic momentum Demographic regions Demographic Transition model Dependency ratio Diffusion of fertility control Disease diffusion Doubling time Ecumene Epidemiological Transition model Gendered space Infant mortality rate J-curve Maladaptation

Malthus, Thomas Mortality Natality Neo-Malthusian Overpopulation Population densities Population distributions Population explosion Population projection Population pyramid Rate of natural increase S-curve Sex ratio Standard of living Sustainability Underpopulation Zero population growth

The End!