1. Chapter 2 Population

2.  Understanding population is crucial:  More people alive now than at any other time  Increased faster rate in last ½ of 20 th century than any other time  All global population growth is in LDCs Key Issue 1: Where is the World’s Population Distributed?

3.  East Asia  ¼ of world population with 5/6 in China  South Asia  ¼ of world’s population; India has ¾ of them  Southeast Asia  4 th largest; 600 million  Europe  1/9 of world’s population; 3 rd largest  Other includes: Northeastern US and Southeastern Canada Population Concentrations

4.  VOCAB WORD: ECUMENE: portion of Earth’s surface occupied by permanent human settlement  People don’t cluster in certain environments  Too dry, too cold, too wet, too high  Places that are too harsh have reduced over time  ¾ of population live on 5% of Earth’s surface Sparsely Populated

5.  Arithmetic Density  Total # of objects in an area  Physiological Density  # of people supported by a unit area of arable land  Ex: US has 453 people per square mile vs Egypt with 5,947 per square mile.  Higher the physiological density, the greater the pressure that is placed on land to produce enough food  Agricultural Density  Ratio of the number of farmers to the amount of arable land  MDCs have LOW agricultural density because of tech and $$ (less people for more land/food) Population Density

6.  Geographers measure growth in 3 ways  Crude Birth Rate:  CBR: total # of live births a year per 1,000 people  Crude Death Rate:  CDR: total # of deaths in a year per 1,000 people  Natural Increase Rate:  NIR: % by which a population grows in a year  Affects doubling time: # of yrs needed to double population  Convert CDR/CBR to % (# per 100)  Subtract CDR from CBR  Ex: CBR = 20; CDR = 5, NIR = 15 per 1,000 or 1.5% Key Issue 2: Where has the World’s Population Increased?

7.  Total Fertility Rate: TFR  Measure the # of births in a society  Average # of children a woman will have in childbearing years  Mortality  Infant mortality rate  Annual number of deaths of infants under 1 year of age compared to live births  Life Expectancy  At birth measures the average # of years a newborn can expect to live at current mortality levels More Measures

8.  Demographic Transition Model:  Process of change among different countries at varying rates  4 stages, potentially 5  Stage 1: Low Growth  High birth and death rate; no long term NIR  Stage 2: High Growth  Rapid decline death rate; very high birth rate, very high NIR  Stage 3: Moderate Growth  Rapid decline birth rate; decline death rate; moderate NIR  Stage 4: Low Growth  Very low birth and death rate; no long term NIR Key Issue 3: Why is Population Increasing at Different Rates in Different Countries?

9.  Growth caused by agricultural revolution (8000 BC)  Humans began to farm  Not sole reliance on hunting/gathering Stage 1 1: High Stationary Few remote groups High Birth/Death Rate Stable or slow NIR Many children needed for farming; Children die at early age Religious/Social encouragement; No family planning Disease, famine, Poor medical understanding

10.  10,000 after Ag Rev, population grew modestly  Burst of growth in Late 18 th and early 19 th centuries  1750 many entered Stage 2 due to Industrial Revolution  Major improvements in industrial tech, hygiene  Africa, Asia, Latin America in 20 th century-stage 2, due to medical revolution Stage 2 Stage 2: Early Expanding Egypt, Kenya, India High Birth; rapid falling Death; very rapid rise NIR Many children help farm; children die at early age Religious/social encouragement; no family planning Improvements in medical care, water supply and sanitation Fewer children die

11.  Country’s CBR begins to drop rapidly, CDR falls but slower than in Stage 2  CBR drop due to social customs changes  Fewer children  Economic changes  Live in cities instead of country  Less working on farms Stage 3 Stage 3: Late expanding Brazil Falling birth, death falls more slow, NIR slows down Improved medical care and diet, Fewer children needed Improvements in medical care, water supply, sanitation Fewer children die

12.  CBR declines to being equal with CDR; NIR = 0  Called Zero Population Growth (ZPG)  Social changes  Women working outside home  Urban societies, higher medical knowledge Stage 4 Stage 4: Low stationary USA Japan France UK Low birth/death, stable/slow NIR Family planning, good health, improved status of women Late marriages Good health care, reliable food supply

13.  Many stage 4 could be headed to 5  Indicators: Very low birth, low death, slow decrease in total population  Birth rate lowest ever experienced since Stone Age  Developed countries total population declining  What might it look like?  Women empowerment- career above children  Long life expectancy Possible Stage 5?

14.  Bar graph showing country’s population displayed by age and gender  Shows percentage of total population in 5 year age groups, starting with 0-4 years old and ending with 80+ or 90+  Pyramid can tell a lot about countries’ character.  Most important factor: Dependency ratio: # of people who are too young/old to work compared to the # of people in their productive years  Sex Ratio: # of males per 100 females in population Population Pyramids

15.  Thomas Malthus: argued world’s rate of population increase was surpassing development of food supplies ( 1798)  Population increased geometrically; food supply increased arithmetically  Some believe still relevant today:  LDC food production expands, but more poor than before  Outstripping of resources due to world population growth  Critics say  Resources aren’t fixed, they expand  Large population can raise economic growth Key Issue 4: Why might the world face an overpopulation problem?

16.  On the whole, not running out of food  Some regions may have food shortages  CBR has declined in LDC from 31 to 23 since 1990  2 reasons for lower CBR  Improved economic conditions  Diffusing modern contraceptive methods, providing resources in LDCs Declining Birth Rates

17.  Distinctive causes of death in stages of DTM  Stages 1 and 2:  Stage 1: Stage of pestilence and famine  Black Plague (stage 1) aka bubonic plague  Stage 2: receding pandemics: Cholera was an epidemic  Stages 3 and 4: degenerative and human created diseases  Decrease in death of infectious disease, increase in chronic associated w/aging  Cancer, heart attacks  4: delayed degenerative diseases  Cancer still exists, medical advances allows longer life Epidemiologic Transition

18.  Reemergence of infectious and parasitic diseases  Higher CDRs  3 reasons for reemergence:  Evolution  Microbes have evolved and changed building resistance to drugs  Poverty  Expensive treatment results in no treatment  Improved Travel  Diseases diffuse as people travel, exposing others to diseases. Possible Stage 5